The Byzantine Empire - the Christianized Roman Empire - very soon defined itself in terms of correct theological belief, 'orthodoxy'. The terms of this belief were hammered out, for the most part, by bishops, but doctrinal decisions were made in councils called by the Emperors, many of whom involved themselves directly in the definition of 'orthodoxy'. Iconoclasm was an example of such imperial involvement, as was the final overthrow of iconoclasm. That controversy ensured that questions of Christian art were also seen by Byzantines as implicated in the question of orthodoxy. The papers gathered in this volume derive from those presented at the 36th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Durham, March 2002. They discuss how orthodoxy was defined, and the different interests that it represented: how orthodoxy was expressed in art and the music of the liturgy: and how orthodoxy helped shape the Byzantine Empire's sense of its own identity, an identity defined against the 'other' - Jews, heretics and, especially from the turn of the first millennium, the Latin West. These considerations raise wider questions about the way in which societies and groups use world views and issues of belief to express and articulate identity. At a time when, with the enlargement of the European Union, questions of identity within Europe are once again becoming pressing, there is much in these essays of topical relevance. Byz.amine Orthodoxies is volume 12 in the series published by Ashgate/Variorum on behalf of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies. Jacket illustration: Triumph of Orthodoxy Icon. British Museum, London. © Copyright the Trustees of The British Museum. Ashgate Publishing Limited Gower House, Croft Road Aldershot, Hampshire GUll 3HR England BYZANTINE ORTHODOXIES Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies Publications 12 BYZANTINE ORTHODOXIES Papers from the Thirty-sixth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Durham, 23-25 March 2002 . edited by Andrew Louth and Augustine Casiday ASH GATE VARIORUM Copyright© 2006 by the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies, Hon. Secretary, James Crow, Dept of Archaeology, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Variorum for the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House, Croft Road 131 Main Street Aldershot, Hants Burlington GU113HR VT 05401-5600 England USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (36th : 2002 : University of Durham) Byzantine orthodoxies : proceedings of the 36th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Durham, 23-25 March 2002. - (Publications for the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies) 1. Orthodox Eastern Church-History-Congresses 2. Religion and state-Byzantine Empire-Congresses 3. Art and religion-Byzantine Empire-Congresses 4. Religion - Philosophy-History-To 1500-Congresses 5. Byzantine Empire-Church history Congresses I. Title II. Louth, Andrew ill. Casiday, Augustine IV. Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies (Great Britain) 281.9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (36th: 2002: University of Durham) Byzantine orthodoxies: papers from the thirty-sixth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Durham, 23-25 March 2002 I edited by Andrew Louth and Augustine Casiday. p. em.- (Publications for the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies; 12) ISBN 0-7546-5496--6 (aile paper) 1. Orthodox Eastern Church-Byzantine Empire-Congresses. 2. Byzantine Empire-Church history-Congresses. I. Louth, Andrew. II. Casiday, Augustine. ill. Title. IV. Series: Publications (Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies (Great Britain)); 12. BX300.S67 2002 274.95-dc22 2005024715 ISBN 0 7546 5496 6 This volume is printed on acid free paper. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF BYZANTINE STUDIES-PUBLICATION 12 In Memoriam )ergeevich Averintsev (1937-2003) Contents Preface ix List of Abbreviations xi List of illustrations xiii 1. Andrew Louth Introduction 1 Section I Defining orthodoxy 2. John Behr The question of Nicene Orthodoxy 15 3. Caroline Mace Gregory of Nazianzus as the authoritative voice of Orthodoxy in the sixth century 27 4. Dirk Krausmiiller Theotokos-Diadochos 35 5. Patricia Karlin-Hayter Methodios and his synod 55 6. Norman Russell Prochoros Cydones and the fourteenth-century understanding of Orthodoxy 75 Section II Orthodoxy in art and liturgy 7. Leslie Brubaker In the beginning was the Word: Art and Orthodoxy at the Councils of Trullo (692) and Nicaea II (787) 95 8. Liz James ... and the Word was with God ... What makes Art Orthodox? 103 9. Robin Cormack ...a nd the Word was God: Art and Orthodoxy in Late Byzantium 111 10. Dimitra Kotoula The British Museum Triumph of Orthodoxy icon 121 11. Alexander Lingas Medieval Byzantine chant and the sound of Orthodoxy 131 12. Archimandrite Ephrem (Lash) Byzantine hymns of hate 151 vii viii CONTENTS Section III Orthodoxy and the other 13. Nicholas de Lange Can we speak of Jewish Orthodoxy in Byzantium? 14. Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev The Apostolic Foundation Stone: the conception of Orthodoxy in the controversy between Photius of Constantinople and Isaac Surnamed Miut 15. Tia M. Kolbaba The Orthodoxy of the Latins in the twelfth century Epilogue 16. Sergei A verintsev Some constant characteristics of Byzantine Orthodoxy Index