Burket’s ORAL MEDICINE ElEvEnth Edition Burket’s ORAL MEDICINE ElEvEnth Edition Martin S. GreenberG, DDS, FDS rCS Professor and Chairman Oral Medicine Associate Dean Hospital Affairs School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Chief of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MiChael GliCk, DMD, FDS rCS Professor of Oral Medicine Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health Associate Dean for Oral-Medical Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine-Mesa A.T. Still University Mesa, Arizona Jonathan a. Ship, DMD, FDS rCS Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine Director, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research New York University College of Dentistry Professor, Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine 2008 BC Decker Inc Hamilton iv Contents BC Decker Inc P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7 Tel: 905-522-7017; 800-568-7281 Fax: 905-522-7839; 888-311-4987 E-mail: Contents v ▼ Contents preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1. introduction to oral Medicine and oral Diagnosis: evaluation of the Dental patient Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS, Martin S. Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS, Jonathan A. Ship, DMD, FDS RCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. pharmacology Jonathan A. Ship, DMD, FDS RCS, Michael T. Brennan, DDS, MHS, Martin S. Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS, Peter B. Lockhart, DDS, FDS RCS, Spencer W. Redding, DDS, MEd, Vidya Sankar, DMD, MHS, David Sirois, DMD, PhD, David Wray, BDS, MD, FDS RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. Ulcerative, Vesicular, and bullous lesions Sook Bin Woo, DMD, MMSc, Martin S. Greenberg, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4. red and White lesions of the oral Mucosa Mats Jontell, DDS, PhD, FDS RCS, Palle Holmstrup, DDS, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5. pigmented lesions of the oral Mucosa Faizan Alawi, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6. benign lesions of the oral Cavity A. Ross Kerr DDS, MSD, Joan A. Phelan, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7. oral Cancer Joel Epstein, DMD, MSD, FRCD (C), Isaäc Van Der Waal, DDS, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8. Salivary Gland Diseases Philip C. Fox, DDS, FDS RCS, Jonathan A. Ship, DMD, FDS, RCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 9. temporomandibular Disorders Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C), Martin S. Greenberg, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 10. orofacial pain Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C), Eli Eliav, DMD, PhD, Martin S. Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS . . . . 257 11. headache Scott S. DeRossi, DMD, John A. Detre, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 12. Diseases of the respiratory tract Sandhya Desai, MD, Frank A. Scannapieco, DMD, PhD , Mark Lepore, MD, Robert Anolik, MD, Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 v vi Contents 13. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Peter B. Lockhart, DDS, FDS RCS, Laszlo Littmann, MD, Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS. . . . . . . . 323 14. Diseases of the Gastrointestinal tract Michael A. Siegel, DDS, MS, FDS RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 15. renal Disease Scott S. DeRossi, DMD, Debbie L. Cohen, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 16. hematologic Diseases Lauren L. Patton, DDS, FDS RCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 17. bleeding and Clotting Disorders Lauren L. Patton, DDS, FDS RCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 18. immunologic Diseases Jane C. Atkinson, DDS, Matin M. Imanguli, DDS, Stephen Challacombe PhD, FDS RCS, FRCPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 19. transplantation Medicine Thomas P. Sollecito, DMD, Andres Pinto, DMD, MPH, Ali Naji, MD, PhD, David Porter, MD . . . 461 20. infectious Diseases Lakshman Samaranayake, Hon DSc, Hon FDS RCS, DDS(Glas), BDS, FRCPath, FHKCPath, MIBiol, FCDSHK, FHKAM(Path), FHKAM(DSurg), Michaell A. Huber, DDS, Spencer W. Redding, DDS, MEd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 21. Diabetes Mellitus and endocrine Diseases Sunday O. Akintoye, BDS, DDS, MS, Michael T. Collins, MD, Jonathan A. Ship, DMD, FDS RCS . 509 22. neuromuscular Diseases Eric T. Stoopler, DMD, David A. Sirois, DMD, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 23. basic principles of human Genetics: a primer for oral Medicine Harold C. Slavkin, DDS, Mahvash Navazesh, DMD, Pragna Patel, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Contents vii ▼ Preface The frst edition of this pioneering text titled Oral Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment, was published in 1946 just after World War II. The text was written entirely by one man, Dr. Lester W. Burket, with the exception of a small section on “Oral Aspects of Aviation Medicine” written by a major in the Dental Corps, Dr. Alvin Goldhush. In this preface, Dr. Burket wrote that “Oral Medicine discusses the many important relationships between oral and systemic disease and it suggests opportunities for a more universal and intimate cooperation between medical and dental practitioners in giving the best possible health service to our common patients.” We believe that the 11th edition of this text follows the example set by Dr. Burket and provides the clinician with an up-to-date description of all major aspects of the science and practice of modern Oral Medicine, with the goal to enable the clinician to provide the best health service to their patients. During the past decade, the feld of Oral Medicine has expanded in both scope and complexity and it is no longer possible for one author or even one editor to have the expertise to write or oversee a majority of a book such as Burket’s Oral Medicine. In order to accommodate the new knowledge, a third editor, Dr. Jonathan Ship, was added and four entirely new chapters and 27 new authors of international prominence and expertise were invited to coauthor chapters. The frst chapter of this text presents a basic but also an innovative approach to the evaluation and assessment of patients. It provides the necessary tools to properly evaluate and treat patients with acute and chronic health conditions, which is imperative when considering our aging and more medically complex population Several chapters have been entirely rewritten by new authors including the chapters on Red and White Lesions, Pigmented Lesions, Neuromuscular Diseases, Renal Disease, Hematologic Disease, and Immunology. For the frst time in Burket’s Oral Medicine, a comprehensive guide to the use of pharmacotherapeutics is available. This chapter provides the entire scope of medical management of major disorders in Oral Medicine for practicing clinicians with detailed information on prescribing drugs in accompanying tables. The chapters on Ulcerative, Vesicular and Bullous lesions as well as the chapters on Benign Tumors and Oral Cancer have been extensively rewritten with the addition of a new group of color photos and a more clinician-friendly format for the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of these common oral diseases. An increasingly important discipline in Oral Medicine is the diagnosis and management pain syndromes, and this portion of the text has been enhanced with the addition of a chapter devoted to Headache. There is also a major revision of advances in Orofacial Pain syndromes and Temporomandibular disorders. The chapter on Salivary Diseases has also been revised and provides a state-of- the-art overview of this growing feld. Details are provided on clinical presentation, diagnosis including imaging using new multimodal techniques, and treatment. A new section has been added on siallorhea and its pharmacological and surgical treatment options. vviiii CPonrteefnatcse The medical chapters of this new text have been updated to refect recent advances and how these changes alter guidelines and recommendations for safe effective dental care. One major rationale for rewriting these chapters was to add more focus on the provision of dental care for patients with complex medical conditions. We have combined all of the information on endocrine diseases including diabetes mellitus into one comprehensive chapter that provides the reader with an updated, review of the major endocrinological diseases, their treatment, and head/ neck/intraoral manifestations. A new chapter is dedicated to Genetic Diseases. Increasingly our understanding of disease is enhanced by genetic sciences, and this chapter details the craniofacial genetic diseases of interest to the Oral Medicine and dental practitioner. The illustrations have been redone and are all in color. The vast majority of references are also updated. The accompanying CD contains supplementary mate- rial including the complete bibliography and an expanded section on Principles of Diagnosis. This text refects the expertise, experience and hard work of clinical scholars from many institutions, countries and specialties. We believe the eleventh edition of this classic text provides the student, resident as well as the experienced practitioner the information required to master the complex feld of diagnosis and medical management of maxillofacial diseases as well as provide dental treatment for patients with complex medical disorders. Martin S. Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS Jonathan A. Ship DMD, FDS RCS July 2007 Contents ix ▼ Contributors Sunday O. Akintoye, BDS, DDS, MS Michael T. Collins, MD Department of Oral Medicine Department of Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases University of Pennsylvania National Institutes of Health Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bethesda, Maryland Faizan Alawi, DDS Scott S. DeRossi, DMD Department of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnosis University of Pennsylvania Medical College of Georgia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Augusta, Georgia Robert Anolik, MD Sandhya Desai, MD Allergy and Asthma Specialists Allergy and Asthma Specialists Blue Bell, Pennsylvania Blue Bell, Pennsylvania Jane C. Atkinson, DDS John A. Detre, MD Center for Clinical Research Center for Functional Imaging National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research University of Pennsylvania Bethesda, Maryland Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C) Eli Eliav, DMD, PhD Department of Oral Medicine and Biological Sciences Department of Diagnostic Sciences University of British Columbia New Jersey Dental School Vancouver, Canada Newark, New Jersey Michael T. Brennan, DDS, MHS Joel Epstein, DMD, MSD Department of Oral Medicine Interdisciplinary Program in Oral Cancer Carolinas Medical Center Chicago Cancer Center Charlotte, North Carolina Chicago, Illinois Stephen Challacombe, PhD, FDS RCS, FRCPath Philip C. Fox, DDS, FDS RCS Department of Oral Medicine Department of Oral Medicine Kings College Dental Institute Carolinas Medical Center London, England Charlotte, North Carolina Debbie L. Cohen, MD Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania