BUREAUCRAT AND INTELLECTUAL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE PRINCETON STUDIES ON THE NEAR EAST BUREAUCRAT AND INTELLECTUAL IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THE HISTORIAN MUSTAFA ALI (1541-1600) CORNELL H. FLEISCHER PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Copyright © 1986 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book ISBN 0-691-05464-9 I5Ublication of this book was made possible by a grant from the Publications Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent Federal Agency This book has been composed in Linotron Times Roman Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are chosen for strength and durability Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey iTHAFiYE Çocuklugumu mutlu kilan, ilim sevgisini uyandiran pederim Hugh W. Fleischer in aziz hatirasina ithaf edilmi§tir To the memory of my father, a man who loved learning CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Note on Usage xiii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction 3 PART I. AN OTTOMAN LIFE Chapter One. The Making of an Ottoman (1541-63/948-70) 13 Chapter Two. The Poet at the Gates (1563-77/970-84) 41 Chapter Three. To the East (1577-82/984-90) 70 Chapter Four. Toward the Millennium: War, Apocalypse, and History (1583-92/991-1000) 109 Chapter Five. The Final Years (1592-1600/1000-1008) 143 PART II. OTTOMAN LAW, OTTOMAN CAREER Chapter Six. Kanun-Consciousness in the Sixteenth Century 191 Chapter Seven. Ali on the Ottoman Career Paths 201 Chapter Eight. Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Consciousness 214 PART III. THE MAKING OF OTTOMAN HISTORY Chapter Nine. Ottoman Historical Writing in the Sixteenth Century 235 Chapter Ten. Muslim and Ottoman 253 Chapter Eleven. The Turkic and Mongol Heritage 273 Chapter Twelve. The Reign of Murad III 293 Appendix A. The Structure of the Ottoman Financial Establishment in the Sixteenth Century 311 Appendix B. Chronology 315 Glossary 319 Bibliography 333 Index 345 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page 1: Mustafa Ali. Line drawing by Carolyn Brown, based on detail from NUS- RET, 43b. Ali's signature is from the colophon of NADlR, dated December 1568- January 1569/Receb 976. Following page 142: Sultan Siileyman the Lawgiver (reg. 1520-66) in 1559; engraving by MelchiorLor- ichs. From Semavi Eyice, " Avrupali bir Ressamin Gozii ile Kanuni Sultan Siiley- man," in KanuniArmagani (Ankara, 1970), plate 10. Grand Vezir Sokollu Mehmed Pa§a (1505-79), from life. From Friedrich Kenner, "Die Portratssammlung des Erzherzogs Ferdinand von Tirol," in Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhochsten Kaiserhauses 19 (Prague, Vi- enna, and Leipzig, 1898): 6-146, plate 19, figure 4. Photograph courtesy of Oster- reichische Nationalbibliothek, Sultan Selim II (reg. 1566-74) observes an Imperial Council session chaired by So- kollu. From Seyyid Lokman, §ehname-i Selim Han, MSTKS A. 3595, 11a. Sultan Murad III (reg. 1574-95) with Gazanfer Aga and Hoca Sa'duddin. From NUSRET, 249b. Comet over Istanbul, November 12, 1577. From NUSRET, 5b. Sinan Pa§a, Koca (d. 1596). From Osterreiehische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 8615, fol. 19. Lala Mustafa Pa§a (d. 1580). From Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 8615, fol. 20. Lala Mustafa Pa§a's departure from Istanbul to LIsktidar, 5 April 1578/27 Muharrem 986. From NUSRET, 32b. Lala Mustafa Pa§a fetes the Janissary commanders at tzmid. From NUSRET, 34b. Ali and Lala Mustafa Pa§a at the tomb of Rumi, Konya. From NUSRET, 36a. Yusuf Beg, sancak begi of Kars, and his Kurds deliver Kizilba§ heads to Lala Mus- tafa Pa§a. From NUSRET, 43b. Heads arrive at Ardahan. From NUSRET, 62b. The Ottoman forces before Tiflis. From NUSRET, 80a. Army encampment. From NUSRET, 93a. Conquest of §eki, in §irvan. From NUSRET, 99b. Mustafa Pa§a, governor-general of Mara§ (Zulkadriye), receives imperial treasure for campaign expenses. From NUSRET, 102a. Ottoman dignitaries perform Friday prayer in newly conquered Ere§, 19 September 1578/16 Receb 986. From NUSRET, 105b. Campaign council for the disposition of §irvan. From NUSRET, 106a. ˜ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Lala Mustafa Pa§a receives the §amhal, ruler of Dagistan. From NUSRET, 118b. Ottoman forces pillage and burn Safavi Iraq. From NUSRET, 154a. Winter quarters, Erzurum, 1578-79. From NUSRET, 196a. Sultan Murad III. From Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 8615, fol. 15. Ibrahim Pa§a, Damad (d. 1601). From Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 8615, fol. 23. Han of the Crimea, Mehmed Giray. From NUSRET, 14b. Page 309, map: The Ottoman Empire in 1600.