Building materials in civil . engineering Editor-in-Chief: Haimei Zhang Translator: Shuo Ma, Yanyan Wu ~~ WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi Science Press Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3H5, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnnt Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA1902- 3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002, India www.woodhead publishingindia. com Published in China by Science Press, 16 Donghuangchengggen North Street, Beijing 100717, China First published 201 1, Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press 0W oodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press, 201 1 The authors have asserted their moral rights. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-955-0 (print) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1 -84569-956-7 (online) Typeset by (Science Press to add) Printed by (Science Press to add) Preface As one of the Programming Textbooks for New-century Higher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering, this book is published by Science Press in August, 2001. This book has won the special prize of 2001-2003 Programming Textbooks for National IIigher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering proposed by Textbook Construction Expert Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has gained good evaluations from peer experts, construction technicians and teachers. It is one of the “Eleventh Five-year Plan” National Textbooks for General Higher Education. This book is suitable for students majoring in “Civil Engineering”, “Construction Engineering”, “Engineering Supervision”, “Costing Engineering”, and “Water Supply and Drainage Engineering”, also for the engineers and technicians engaging in the relevant specialties. For the sake of requirements for higher vocational and profcssional teaching and vocational education, this book not only focuses on cement, concrete, steel, new waterproof materials, but also introduces the environment-friendly materials. It tries to make the teaching materials more applicable, more substantial, more succinct, and more novel. Since it ‘was published, this book has been amended and rewritten carefully to satisfj the new amended national regulations and standards. Due to the limited knowledge in the compilation of this book, mistakes and errors cannot be fully avoided. The comments and criticism from the readers will be highly appreciated. Zhang tIaimci June, 201 0 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Definitions and Classifications of Building Materials ....................... 1 1.2 Characteristics of Building Materials and Their Status in Architecture ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 The Development of Building Materials .............................................. 3 1.4 The Introduction of Building Materials’ Technical Standards ......... 4 1.5 Characters, Purposes, Tasks and Learning Methods of Building Materials Curriculum ................................................................................ 5 2 The Basic Properties of Building Materials ................................................. 7 2.1 Compositions and Structures of Materials and the Influence of Their Constructions on the Properties ................................................... 7 2.2 Physical Properties of Materials ........................................................... 10 ..................................................... 2.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials 21 2.4 Decorativeness of Materials ................................................................... 25 ............................................................................ 2.5 Durability of Materials 26 Questions .............................................................................................................. 27 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 27 iv Building materials in civil engineering 3 Air Hardening Binding Materials ................................................................. 29 3.1 Building Gypsum ..................................................................................... 29 3.2 Lime ............................................................................................................. 35 3.3 Magnesia .................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Soluble Glass ............................................................................................. 42 Questions .............................................................................................................. 45 4 Cement. ................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Portland Cement ....................................................................................... 47 4.2 Blended Portland Cement ....................................................................... 63 4.3 Other Varieties of Cement ...................................................................... 72 Questions .............................................................................................................. 78 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 80 5 Concrete ................................................................................................................. 81 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 81 5.2 Components of Ordinary Concrete ...................................................... 82 5.3 Thc Main Technical Properties of Ordinary Concrete ..................... 97 5.4 The Quality Control and the Strength Evaluation of Concrete .... 116 5.5 The Design of the Mix Proportion of Ordinary Concrete ............. 121 5.6 Other Varieties of Concrete .................................................................. 134 Questions ........................................................ :.. ................................................. 146 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 148 6 Building Mortar ................................................................................................ 150 6 .I The Composition of Mortar ................................................................. 150 6.2 The Main Technical Properties of Mortar ......................................... 153 6.3 Masonry Mortar ...................................................................................... 156 6.4 Other Kinds of Building Mortar ......................................................... 161 Questions ............................................................................................................ 168 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 169 7 Wall and Roof Materials ................................................................................ 170 7.1 Wall Bricks .............................................................................................. 170 7.2 Wall Blocks .............................................................................................. 183 Contents v 7.3 Wall Plates ................................................................................................ 188 7.4 Roof Materials ........................................................................................ 200 Questions ............................................................................................................ 204 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 204 8 Construction Steel ............................................................................................. 206 8.1 Classifications of Steel .......................................................................... 207 8.2 Characteristics of Steel. ......................................................................... 209 8.3 Cold Working, Ageing and Welding .................................................. 217 8.4 Standards and Selection of Building Steel. ....................................... 219 8.5 Fire Protection of Steel ......................................................................... 232 8.6 Corrosion and Prevention of Steel ...................................................... 233 Questions ............................................................................................................ 236 9 Wood ..................................................................................................................... 238 9.1 Classifications and Structures of Wood ............................................. 239 9.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood ................................. 242 9.3 Wood Preservation ................................................................................. 247 9.4 Applications of Wood in Architecture ............................................... 249 Questions ............................................................................................................ 252 10 Waterproof Materials .................................................................................... 253 10.1 Asphalt .................................................................................................... 253 10.2 Waterproof Asphalt Materials ........................................................... 265 10.3 New Waterproof Materials ................................................................. 267 Questions .............................................................................. :. ............................ 287 11 Building Plastic ................................................................................................ 289 11.1 Components and Classifications of Plastic .................................... 289 11.2 Properties and Common Varieties of Plastic .................................. 292 11.3 Applications of Building Plastic ....................................................... 298 Questions ............................................................................................................ 303 ............ 12 Heat-insulating Materials and Sound-absorbing Materials 304 12.1 Heat-insulating Materials ..... :... .......................................................... 304 12.2 Sound-absorbing Materials ................................................................ 312 vi Building materials in civil enginccring Questions ............................................................................................................ 315 13 Finishing Materials ........................................................................................ 13.1 Basic Requirements and Selecting Principles of Finishing Materials ................................................................................................ Appendix Tests of Building Materials ........................................................... 344 Test One Tests of Materials' Basic Properties ........................................ 344 Test Two Lime Test ....................................................................................... 349 Test Three Cement Test ................................................................................ 355 Test Four Concrete Aggregate Test ........................................................... 370 Test Five Tests of the Main Technical Properties of Ordinary Concrete ........................................................................................ 381 Test Six Building Mortar Test .................................................................... 39'1 Test Seven Fired Common Brick Test ...................................................... 397 Test Eight Steel Bar Test .............................................................................. 403 Test Nine Petroleum Asphalt Test ............................................................. 408 Test Ten Test of Elastic (Plastic) Modified Asphalt Waterproof Coiled Materials ............................................................................ 414 References .................................................................................................................. 423 Index ............................................................................................................................. 424 Introduction This chapter focuses on the classifications and the technical standards of building materials; it summarizes the characteristics of building materials and their status in construction engineering briefly; and also it introduces the development of building materials. 1.1 Definitions and Classifications of Building Materials In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the materials or products used in structures or buildings are called building materials which are the material foundation for all the construction engineering. The building materials discussed in this course are all the materials used in building foundations, bases, floors, walls, beams, plates, roofs and architectural decoration. There is a wide variety of building materials. They are usually classified from different angles for the sake of study, application and description. The most common classifications are based on their chemical components and functions. (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) 1) According to the chemical components of building materials, they can be classified into inorganic materials, organic materials and composite materials, as follows: Metal: Steel, Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Various Types of Alloys Inorganic Metalloid: Natural Stone. Cement, Concrete, Glass, Uurncd Soil Products,etc. Materials Mctal-metalloid Composition: Reinforced Concrete, etc. Wood, Plastics, Synthetic Rubber, Petroleum Asphalt. etc. Inovic MetalQganic Cornpsition: Polymer Concrete, Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics, etc. Metal-Organic Composition: Light Metal Sandwich Panels, ctc.