BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK The Building Construction Handbook is THE authoritative reference for all constructionstudentsandprofessionals.Itsdetaileddrawingsclearlyillustratethe constructionofbuilding elements,andhave beenaninvaluableguideforbuilders since 1988. The principles and processes of construction are explained with the concepts of design included where appropriate. Extensive coverage of building construction practice, techniques, and regulations representing both traditional procedures and modern developments are included to provide the most comprehensiveandeasytounderstandguidetobuildingconstruction. This new edition has been updated to reflect recent changes to the building regulations, as well as new material on the latest technologies used in domestic construction. Building Construction Handbook is the essential, easy-to-use resource for undergraduate and vocational students on a wide range of courses including NVQandBTECNational,throughtoHigherNationalCertificateandDiploma, to Foundation and three-year Degree level. It is also a useful practical reference for building designers, contractors and others engaged in the construction industry. Roger Greeno is a well-known author of construction texts. He has extensive practical and consultancy experience in the industry, in addition to lecturing at several colleges of further and higher education, and the University of Portsmouth. He has also examined for City & Guilds, Edexcel, the Chartered InstituteofBuildingandtheUniversityofReading. Roy Chudley, formerly Senior Lecturer in Building Technology at the Guildford College of Technology, U.K, is an established author of numerous respected constructiontexts. This page intentionally left blank BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Tenth edition Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno Firsteditionpublished1998 byButterworth-Heinemann Thiseditionpublished2014 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2014RoyChudleyandRogerGreeno TherightofRoyChudleyandRogerGreenotobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedbytheminaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinanyform orbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributorsoreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orformanduseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook ISBN13:978-0-415-83638-8(pbk) ISBN13:978-1-315-78032-0(ebk) TypesetinChudley byTaylor&FrancisBooks CONTENTS Preface to Tenth edition xi Part One General Built environment 2 The structure 5 Primary and secondary elements 12 Component parts and functions 15 Construction activities 19 Construction documents 20 Construction drawings 21 Building survey 28 Energy Performance Certificate 32 Method statement and programming 36 Weights and densities of building materials 38 Imposed floor loads 40 Drawings---notations 41 Planning application 45 Modular coordination 52 Construction regulations 54 CDM regulations 55 Safety signs and symbols 56 Building Regulations 58 Accredited construction details 71 Code for Sustainable Homes 72 British Standards 73 European Standards 74 Product and practice accreditation 76 CI/SfB system of coding 78 CPI System of Coding 79 Uniclass system of coding 80 Part Two Site Works Site survey 86 Site measurement 87 Site investigations 90 Soil investigation 93 Soil assessment and testing 100 Site layout considerations 112 v Contents Site security 115 Site lighting and electrical supply 118 Site office accommodation 122 Site health and welfare provision 123 Materials storage 127 Materials testing 132 Timber decay and treatment 147 Protection orders for trees and structures 151 Locating public utility services 153 Setting out 154 Levels and angles 159 Road construction 162 Tubular scaffolding and scaffolding systems 172 Shoring systems 186 Demolition 195 Part Three Builders Plant General considerations 202 Bulldozers 205 Scrapers 206 Graders 207 Tractor shovels 208 Excavators 209 Transport vehicles 214 Hoists 217 Rubble chutes and skips 220 Cranes 221 Concreting plant 233 Part Four Substructure Foundations---function, materials and sizing 244 Foundation beds 253 Short bored pile foundations 259 Foundation types and selection 261 Piled foundations 266 Retaining walls 287 Gabions and mattresses 301 Basement excavations and construction 304 Waterproofing basements 313 Excavations 319 Concrete production 325 Cofferdams 333 Steel sheet piling 334 Caissons 337 vi Contents Underpinning 341 Ground water control 350 Soil stabilisation and improvement 360 Reclamation of waste land 365 Treatment of contaminated subsoil 366 Part Five Superstructure 1 † Choice of materials 370 Brick and block walls 379 Cavity walls 400 Damp-proof courses and membranes 408 Gas-resistant membranes 415 Calculated brickwork 417 Mortars 422 Arches and openings 425 Windows 432 Glass and glazing 448 Doors 462 Crosswall construction 471 Framed construction 475 Rendering to external walls 479 Cladding to external walls 482 Roofs basic forms 490 † Pitched roofs 494 Double lap tiling 505 Single lap tiling 514 Slating 516 Timber flat roofs 522 Dormer windows 537 Green roofs 546 Thermal insulation 548 U-values 549 Thermal bridging 580 Access for the disabled 586 Part Six Superstructure 2 † Reinforced concrete slabs 592 Reinforced concrete framed structures 596 Reinforcement types 606 Structural concrete, fire protection 609 Formwork 610 Precast concrete frames 617 Prestressed concrete 621 vii Contents Structural steelwork sections 628 Structural steelwork connections 633 Structural fire protection 638 Portal frames 646 Composite timber beams 655 Multi-storey structures 658 Roof sheet coverings 665 Long span roofs 670 Shell roof construction 684 Membrane roofs 693 Rooflights 695 Panel walls 699 Rainscreen cladding 705 Structural glazing 708 Curtain walling 710 Concrete claddings 714 Concrete surface finishes 721 Concrete surface defects 725 Part Seven Internal Construction and Finishes Internal elements 728 Internal walls 729 Construction joints 734 Internal walls, fire protection 736 Party/separating walls 737 Partitions 739 Strut design 741 Plasters and plastering 746 Dry lining techniques 750 Plasterboard 753 Wall tiling 756 Domestic floors and finishes 758 Large cast in-situ ground floors 766 Concrete floor screeds 768 Timber suspended upper floors 771 Lateral restraint 774 Timber beam design 777 Holing and notching joists 780 Timber floors, fire protection 782 Reinforced concrete suspended floors 784 Precast concrete floors 789 Raised access floors 794 Sound insulation 795 Timber, concrete and metal stairs 808 viii Contents Internal doors 834 Doorsets 837 Fire-resisting doors 838 Plasterboard ceilings 844 Suspended ceilings 845 Paints and painting 850 Joinery production 854 Composite boarding 860 Plastics in building 862 Part Eight Domestic Services Drainage effluents 868 Subsoil drainage 869 Surface water removal 871 Road drainage 876 Rainwater installations 878 Drainage systems 882 Drainage --- pipe sizes and gradients 891 Water supply 892 Cold water installations 894 Hot water installations 896 Flow controls 901 Cisterns and cylinders 902 Pipework joints 904 Sanitary fittings 905 Single and ventilated stack systems 908 Hot water heating systems 913 Electrical supply and installation 917 Gas supply and gas fires 926 Open fireplaces and flues 930 Services fire stops and seals 939 † Telephone installations 940 Electronic communications installations 941 Index 943 ix