SI International System of Units An ACI Standard Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-19) Reported by ACI Committee 318 9 1 - 8 1 3 I C A (SI Units) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) An ACI Standard Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-19) Reported by ACI Committee 318 Jack P. Moehle, Chair Gregory M. Zeisler, Secretary (Non-voting) VOTING MEMBERS Neal S. Anderson Luis E. Garcia Colin L. Lobo David H. Sanders Roger J. Becker Satyendra Ghosh Raymond Lui Thomas C. Schaeffer John F. Bonacci James R. Harris Paul F. Mlakar Stephen J. Seguirant Dean A. Browning Terence C. Holland Michael C. Mota Andrew W. Taylor JoAnn P. Browning James O. Jirsa Lawrence C. Novak John W. Wallace James R. Cagley Dominic J. Kelly Carlos E. Ospina James K. Wight Ned M. Cleland Gary J. Klein Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos Sharon L. Wood Charles W. Dolan Ronald Klemencic Randall W. Poston Loring A. Wyllie Jr. Catherine E. French William M. Klorman Carin L. Roberts-Wollmann Fernando Yanez Robert J. Frosch Michael E. Kreger Mario E. Rodriguez SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS Theresa M. Ahlborn Anthony E. Fiorato Daniel A. Kuchma Conrad Paulson F. Michael Bartlett Rudolph P. Frizzi James M. LaFave Jose A. Pincheira Asit N. Baxi Wassim M. Ghannoum Andres Lepage Mehran Pourzanjani Abdeldjelil Belarbi Harry A. Gleich Remy D. Lequesne Santiago Pujol Allan P. Bommer Zen Hoda Ricardo R. Lopez Jose I. Restrepo Sergio F. Brena R. Brett Holland Laura N. Lowes Nicolas Rodrigues Jared E. Brewe R. Doug Hooton Frank Stephen Malits Andrea J. Schokker Nicholas J. Carino Kenneth C. Hover Leonardo M. Massone Bahram M. Shahrooz Min Yuan Cheng I-chi Huang Steven L. McCabe John F. Silva Ronald A. Cook Matias Hube Ian S. McFarlane Lesley H. Sneed David Darwin Mary Beth D. Hueste Robert R. McGlohn John F. Stanton Curtis L. Decker Jose M. Izquierdo-Encarnacion Donald F. Meinheit Bruce A. Suprenant Jeffrey J. Dragovich Maria G. Juenger Fred Meyer Miroslav Vejvoda Jason L. Draper Keith E. Kesner Daniel T. Mullins W. Jason Weiss Lisa R. Feldman Insung Kim Clay J. Naito Christopher D. White Damon R. Fick Donald P. Kline William H. Oliver David C. Fields Jason J. Krohn Viral B. Patel LIAISON MEMBERS Raul D. Bertero* Werner A. F. Fuchs* Augusto H. Holmberg* Guillermo Santana* Mario Alberto Chiorino Patricio Garcia* Hector Monzon-Despang Ahmed B. Shuraim Juan Francisco Correal Daza* Raymond Ian Gilbert Ernesto Ng Roberto Stark* Kenneth J. Elwood* Wael Mohammed Hassan Guney Ozcebe Julio Timerman Luis B. Fargier-Gabaldon Angel E. Herrera Enrique Pasquel* Roman Wan-Wendner *Liaison members serving on various subcommittees. CONSULTING MEMBERS David P. Gustafson Robert F. Mast David M. Rogowsky Neil M. Hawkins Basile G. Rabbat All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any ACI 318-19 supersedes ACI 318-14, was adopted May 3, 2019, and published June means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or 2019. mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc- Copyright © 2019, American Concrete Institute. tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. First printing: October 2019 ISBN: 978-1-64195-086-2 DOI: 10.14359/51716937 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. 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This Code was developed by an ANSI-approved consensus process and addresses structural systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, shotcrete, plain, nonprestressed, prestressed, and composite construction. Among the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength, serviceability, and durability; load combinations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; struc- tural analysis methods; deflection limits; mechanical and adhesive anchoring to concrete; development and splicing of rein- forcement; construction document information; field inspection and testing; and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures. The Code was substantially reorganized and reformatted in 2014, and this Code continues and expands that same organi- zational philosophy. The principal objectives of the reorganization were to present all design and detailing requirements for structural systems or for individual members in chapters devoted to those individual subjects, and to arrange the chapters in a manner that generally follows the process and chronology of design and construction. Information and procedures that are common to the design of multiple members are located in utility chapters. Additional enhancements implemented in this Code to provide greater clarity and ease of use include the first use of color illustrations and the use of color to help the user navigate the Code and quickly find the information they need. Special thanks to Bentley Systems, Incorporated, for use of their ProCon- crete software to produce many of the figures found in the Commentary. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in a general building code, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code provisions cannot be included within the Code itself. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some considerations of the committee in developing the Code are discussed in the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the require- ments of the Code are also cited. Technical changes from ACI 318-14 to ACI 318-19 are outlined in the August 2019 issue of Concrete International and are marked in the text of this Code with change bars in the margins. KEYWORDS admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); caissons; cements; cold weather; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete; construc- tion documents; construction joints; continuity (structural); contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deep foundations; deflections; drilled piers; earthquake-resistant structures; flexural strength; floors; footings; formwork (construction); hot weather; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; load tests (structural); loads (forces); mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; piles; placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shotcrete; spans; splicing; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural design; structural integrity; structural walls; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement. American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org 4 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE INTRODUCTION ACI 318-19, “Building Code Requirements for Structural The Commentary discusses some of the considerations of Concrete,” hereinafter called the Code or the 2019 Code, Committee 318 in developing the provisions contained in the and ACI 318R-19, “Commentary,” are presented in a side- Code. Emphasis is given to the explanation of new or revised by-side column format. These are two separate but coordi- provisions that may be unfamiliar to Code users. In addition, nated documents, with Code text placed in the left column comments are included for some items contained in previous and the corresponding Commentary text aligned in the right editions of the Code to make the present Commentary inde- column. Commentary section numbers are preceded by an pendent of the previous editions. Comments on specific “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers. provisions are made under the corresponding chapter and The two documents are bound together solely for the user’s section numbers of the Code. convenience. Each document carries a separate enforceable The Commentary is not intended to provide a complete and distinct copyright. historical background concerning the development of the As the name implies, “Building Code Requirements for Code, nor is it intended to provide a detailed résumé of the Structural Concrete” is meant to be used as part of a legally studies and research data reviewed by the committee in adopted building code and as such must differ in form and formulating the provisions of the Code. However, references substance from documents that provide detailed specifica- to some of the research data are provided for those who wish tions, recommended practice, complete design procedures, to study the background material in depth. or design aids. The Commentary directs attention to other documents The Code is intended to cover all buildings of the usual that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements types, both large and small. Requirements more stringent and intent of the Code. However, those documents and the than the Code provisions may be desirable for unusual Commentary are not a part of the Code. construction. The Code and Commentary cannot replace The Commentary is intended for the use of individuals sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment. who are competent to evaluate the significance and limi- A building code states only the minimum requirements tations of its content and recommendations, and who will necessary to provide for public health and safety. The Code accept responsibility for the application of the information is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner or it contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility for the the licensed design professional may require the quality of stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss materials and construction to be higher than the minimum or damage arising therefrom. Reference to the Commen- requirements necessary to protect the public as stated in the tary shall not be made in construction documents. If items Code. However, lower standards are not permitted. found in the Commentary are desired by the licensed design The Code has no legal status unless it is adopted by the professional to be a part of the contract documents, they government bodies having the police power to regulate shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by building design and construction. Where the Code has not the licensed design professional. been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice It is recommended to have the materials, processes, quality even though it has no legal status. control measures, and inspections described in this docu- The Code and Commentary are not intended for use ment tested, monitored, or performed by individuals holding in settling disputes between the owner, engineer, archi- the appropriate ACI Certification or equivalent, when avail- tect, contractor, or their agents, subcontractors, material able. The personnel certification programs of the American suppliers, or testing agencies. Therefore, the Code cannot Concrete Institute and the Post-Tensioning Institute; the plant define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in certification programs of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete usual construction. General references requiring compliance Institute, the Post-Tensioning Institute, and the National with the Code in the project specifications should be avoided Ready Mixed Concrete Association; and the Concrete Rein- because the contractor is rarely in a position to accept forcing Steel Institute’s Voluntary Certification Program for responsibility for design details or construction require- Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating Applicator Plants are avail- ments that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. able for this purpose. In addition, “Standard Specification Design-build construction contractors, however, typically for Agencies Engaged in Construction Inspection, Testing, combine the design and construction responsibility. Gener- or Special Inspection” (ASTM E329-18) specifies perfor- ally, the contract documents should contain all of the neces- mance requirements for inspection and testing agencies. sary requirements to ensure compliance with the Code. In Design reference materials illustrating applications of the part, this can be accomplished by reference to specific Code Code requirements are listed and described in the back of sections in the project specifications. Other ACI publica- this document. tions, such as “Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301M)” are written specifically for use as contract docu- ments for construction. American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: GENERAL PART 2: LOADS & ANALYSIS CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 5 GENERAL LOADS 1.1—Scope of ACI 318, p. 9 5.1—Scope, p. 61 1.2—General, p. 9 5.2—General, p. 61 1.3—Purpose, p. 9 5.3—Load factors and combinations, p. 62 1.4—Applicability, p. 10 1.5—Interpretation, p. 12 CHAPTER 6 1.6—Building official, p. 13 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1.7—Licensed design professional, p. 13 6.1—Scope, p. 67 1.8—Construction documents and design records, p. 13 6.2—General, p. 67 1.9—Testing and inspection, p. 14 6.3—Modeling assumptions, p. 72 1.10— Approval of special systems of design, construction, 6.4—Arrangement of live load, p. 73 or alternative construction materials, p. 14 6.5— Simplified method of analysis for nonprestressed continuous beams and one-way slabs, p. 74 CHAPTER 2 6.6—Linear elastic first-order analysis, p. 75 NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY 6.7—Linear elastic second-order analysis, p. 84 2.1—Scope, p. 15 6.8—Inelastic analysis, p. 85 2.2—Notation, p. 15 6.9—Acceptability of finite element analysis, p. 86 2.3—Terminology, p. 31 PART 3: MEMBERS CHAPTER 3 REFERENCED STANDARDS CHAPTER 7 3.1—Scope, p. 47 ONE-WAY SLABS 3.2—Referenced standards, p. 47 7.1—Scope, p. 89 7.2—General, p. 89 CHAPTER 4 7.3—Design limits, p. 89 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 7.4—Required strength, p. 91 4.1—Scope, p. 51 7.5—Design strength, p. 91 4.2—Materials, p. 51 7.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 92 4.3—Design loads, p. 51 7.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 94 4.4—Structural system and load paths, p. 52 4.5—Structural analysis, p. 54 CHAPTER 8 4.6—Strength, p. 55 TWO-WAY SLABS 4.7—Serviceability, p. 56 8.1—Scope, p. 99 4.8—Durability, p. 56 8.2—General, p. 99 4.9—Sustainability, p. 56 8.3—Design limits, p. 100 4.10—Structural integrity, p. 56 8.4—Required strength, p. 103 4.11—Fire resistance, p. 57 8.5—Design strength, p. 109 4.12— Requirements for specific types of construction, 8.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 110 p.57 8.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 113 4.13—Construction and inspection, p. 59 8.8—Nonprestressed two-way joist systems, p. 125 4.14—Strength evaluation of existing structures, p. 59 American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org 6 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 14 BEAMS PLAIN CONCRETE 9.1—Scope, p. 127 14.1—Scope, p. 203 9.2—General, p. 127 14.2—General, p. 204 9.3—Design limits, p. 128 14.3—Design limits, p. 204 9.4—Required strength, p. 130 14.4—Required strength, p. 206 9.5—Design strength, p. 133 14.5—Design strength, p. 207 9.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 135 14.6—Reinforcement detailing, p. 210 9.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 139 9.8—Nonprestressed one-way joist systems, p. 150 PART 4: JOINTS/CONNECTIONS/ANCHORS 9.9—Deep beams, p. 152 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 10 BEAM-COLUMN AND SLAB-COLUMN JOINTS COLUMNS 15.1—Scope, p. 211 10.1—Scope, p. 155 15.2—General, p. 211 10.2—General, p. 155 15.3—Detailing of joints, p. 212 10.3—Design limits, p. 155 15.4— Strength requirements for beam-column joints, 10.4—Required strength, p. 156 p.213 10.5—Design strength, p. 157 15.5— Transfer of column axial force through the floor 10.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 157 system, p. 214 10.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 158 CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 11 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MEMBERS WALLS 16.1—Scope, p. 217 11.1—Scope, p. 165 16.2—Connections of precast members, p. 217 11.2—General, p. 165 16.3—Connections to foundations, p. 222 11.3—Design limits, p. 166 16.4— Horizontal shear transfer in composite concrete 11.4—Required strength, p. 166 flexural members, p. 225 11.5—Design strength, p. 167 16.5—Brackets and corbels, p. 227 11.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 170 11.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 171 CHAPTER 17 11.8— Alternative method for out-of-plane slender wall ANCHORING TO CONCRETE analysis, p. 172 17.1—Scope, p. 233 17.2—General, p. 234 CHAPTER 12 17.3—Design Limits, p. 235 DIAPHRAGMS 17.4—Required strength, p. 236 12.1—Scope, p. 175 17.5—Design strength, p. 236 12.2—General, p. 176 17.6—Tensile strength, p. 246 12.3—Design limits, p. 177 17.7—Shear strength, p. 261 12.4—Required strength, p. 178 17.8—Tension and shear interaction, p. 270 12.5—Design strength, p. 181 17.9— Edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses to 12.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 188 preclude splitting failure, p. 270 12.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 188 17.10— Earthquake-resistant anchor design requirements, p.272 CHAPTER 13 17.11—Attachments with shear lugs, p. 277 FOUNDATIONS 13.1—Scope, p. 191 13.2—General, p. 193 13.3—Shallow foundations, p. 197 13.4—Deep foundations, p. 199 American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 7 PART 5: EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE CHAPTER 22 SECTIONAL STRENGTH CHAPTER 18 22.1—Scope, p. 397 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES 22.2— Design assumptions for moment and axial strength, 18.1—Scope, p. 285 p.397 18.2—General, p. 285 22.3—Flexural strength, p. 399 18.3—Ordinary moment frames, p. 291 22.4— Axial strength or combined flexural and axial 18.4—Intermediate moment frames, p. 292 strength, p. 400 18.5—Intermediate precast structural walls, p. 299 22.5—One-way shear strength, p. 401 18.6—Beams of special moment frames, p. 299 22.6—Two-way shear strength, p. 411 18.7—Columns of special moment frames, p. 305 22.7—Torsional strength, p. 420 18.8—Joints of special moment frames, p. 311 22.8—Bearing, p. 428 18.9— Special moment frames constructed using precast 22.9—Shear friction, p. 430 concrete, p. 314 18.10—Special structural walls, p. 317 CHAPTER 23 18.11— Special structural walls constructed using precast STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD concrete, p. 336 23.1—Scope, p. 435 18.12—Diaphragms and trusses, p. 336 23.2—General, p. 436 18.13—Foundations, p. 343 23.3—Design strength, p. 443 18.14— Members not designated as part of the seismic- 23.4—Strength of struts, p. 443 force-resisting system, p. 351 23.5—Minimum distributed reinforcement, p. 445 23.6—Strut reinforcement detailing, p. 446 PART 6: MATERIALS & DURABILITY 23.7—Strength of ties, p. 447 23.8—Tie reinforcement detailing, p. 447 CHAPTER 19 23.9—Strength of nodal zones, p. 448 CONCRETE: DESIGN AND DURABILITY 23.10—Curved-bar nodes, p. 449 REQUIREMENTS 23.11— Earthquake-resistant design using the strut-and-tie 19.1—Scope, p. 355 method, p. 452 19.2—Concrete design properties, p. 355 19.3—Concrete durability requirements, p. 357 CHAPTER 24 19.4—Grout durability requirements, p. 369 SERVICEABILITY 24.1—Scope, p. 455 CHAPTER 20 24.2—Deflections due to service-level gravity loads, p. 455 STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, 24.3— Distribution of flexural reinforcement in one-way DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS slabs and beams, p. 460 20.1—Scope, p. 371 24.4—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, p. 461 20.2—Nonprestressed bars and wires, p. 371 24.5— Permissible stresses in prestressed concrete flexural 20.3—Prestressing strands, wires, and bars, p. 378 members, p. 463 20.4—Headed shear stud reinforcement, p. 382 20.5—Provisions for durability of steel reinforcement, p. 382 PART 8: REINFORCEMENT 20.6—Embedments, p. 390 CHAPTER 25 PART 7: STRENGTH & SERVICEABILITY REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 25.1—Scope, p. 467 CHAPTER 21 25.2—Minimum spacing of reinforcement, p. 467 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS 25.3— Standard hooks, seismic hooks, crossties, and 21.1—Scope, p. 391 minimum inside bend diameters, p. 469 21.2— Strength reduction factors for structural concrete 25.4—Development of reinforcement, p. 471 members and connections, p. 391 25.5—Splices, p. 488 25.6—Bundled reinforcement, p. 493 25.7—Transverse reinforcement, p. 494 25.8—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers, p. 504 25.9—Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons, p. 505 American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org 8 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE PART 9: CONSTRUCTION APPENDICES & REFERENCES CHAPTER 26 APPENDIX A CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND DESIGN VERIFICATION USING NONLINEAR INSPECTION RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS 26.1—Scope, p. 515 A.1—Notation and terminology, p. 567 26.2—Design criteria, p. 516 A.2—Scope, p. 567 26.3—Member information, p. 517 A.3—General, p. 568 26.4—Concrete materials and mixture requirements, p. 517 A.4—Earthquake ground motions, p. 568 26.5—Concrete production and construction, p. 528 A.5—Load factors and combinations, p. 569 26.6— Reinforcement materials and construction require- A.6—Modeling and analysis, p. 569 ments, p. 535 A.7—Action classification and criticality, p. 570 26.7—Anchoring to concrete, p. 540 A.8—Effective stiffness, p. 571 26.8—Embedments, p. 542 A.9—Expected material strength, p. 573 26.9—Additional requirements for precast concrete, p. 543 A.10— Acceptance criteria for deformation-controlled 26.10— Additional requirements for prestressed concrete, actions, p. 574 p.544 A.11—E xpected strength for force-controlled actions, 26.11—Formwork, p. 546 p.576 26.12— Evaluation and acceptance of hardened concrete, A.12—Enhanced detailing requirements, p. 577 p.548 A.13—Independent structural design review, p. 578 26.13—Inspection, p. 554 APPENDIX B PART 10: EVALUATION STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX C STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, STRUCTURES MKS-METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF 27.1—Scope, p. 559 NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE 27.2—General, p. 559 27.3—Analytical strength evaluation, p. 560 COMMENTARY REFERENCES 27.4—Strength evaluation by load test, p. 561 27.5—Monotonic load test procedure, p. 562 INDEX 27.6—Cyclic load test procedure, p. 564 American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org