BUDDHIST NUNS, MONKS, AND OTHER WORLDLY MATTERS Studies in the Buddhist Traditions Luis O. Gómez, series editor The Land of Bliss, the Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light: Sanskrit and Chinese Versions of The Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutras, Luis O. Gómez (1996) Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India, Gregory Schopen (1997) Wisdom, Compassion, and the Search for Understanding: The Buddhist Studies Legacy of Gadjin M. Nagao, Jonathan Silk, ed. (2000) A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā), Jan Nattier (2003) Buddhist Monks and Business Matters: Still More Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India, Gregory Schopen (2004) Figments and Fragments of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India: More Collected Papers, Gregory Schopen (2005) Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahāyāna: A Study and Translation of the Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā- sūtra, Daniel Boucher (2008) Buddhist Nuns, Monks, and Other Worldly Matters: Recent Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India, Gregory Schopen (2014) studies in the buddhist traditions BUDDHIST NUNS, MONKS, AND OTHER WORLDLY MATTERS Recent Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India Gregory Schopen university of hawai‘i press, honolulu © 2014 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 19 18 17 16 15 14 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Schopen, Gregory, author. Buddhist nuns, monks, and other worldly matters : recent papers on monastic Buddhism in India / Gregory Schopen. pages cm — (Studies in the Buddhist traditions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8248- 3880- 5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 0- 8248- 3881- 2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Monastic and religious life (Buddhism)— India. 2. Buddhist nuns— India. 3. Buddhist monks— India. I. Title. II. Series: Studies in the Buddhist traditions. BQ6160.I4S373 2014 294.5′6570954—dc23 2013037619 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid- free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by University of Hawai‘i Press Production Department Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc. To the memory of Calvert Watkins (1933– 2013) and to the future of Mr. Jack (2012– ) CONTENTS Ac know ledg ments ix Abbreviations xiii Nuns I. The Urban Buddhist Nun and a Protective Rite for Children in Early North India 3 II. On Emptying Chamber Pots without Looking and the Urban Location of Buddhist Nunneries in Early India Again 23 III. On Incompetent Monks and Able Urbane Nuns in a Buddhist Monastic Code 47 IV. Separate but Equal: Property Rights and the Legal In de pen dence of Buddhist Nuns and Monks in Early North India 73 V. On the Legal and Economic Activities of Buddhist Nuns: Two Examples from Early India 95 VI. The Buddhist Nun as an Urban Landlord and a “Legal Person” in Early India 119 VII. A New Hat for Hārītī: On “Giving” Children for Their Protection to Buddhist Nuns and Monks in Early India 131 vii viii Contents VIII. On Some Who Are Not Allowed to Become Buddhist Monks or Nuns: An Old List of Types of Slaves or Unfree Laborers 157 Monks IX. Making Men into Monks 175 X. Counting the Buddha and the Local Spirits In: A Monastic Ritual of Inclusion for the Rain Retreat 194 XI. The Buddhist “Monastery” and the Indian Garden: Aesthetics, Assimilations, and the Siting of Monastic Establishments 224 XII. On Monks and Menial Laborers: Some Monastic Accounts of Building Buddhist Monasteries 251 XIII. A Well- Sanitized Shroud: Asceticism and Institutional Values in the Middle Period of Buddhist Monasticism 276 XIV. The Buddhist Bhikṣu’s Obligation to Support His Parents in Two Vinaya Traditions 311 XV. On Buddhist Monks and Dreadful Deities: Some Monastic Devices for Updating the Dharma 333 Other XVI. Celebrating Odd Moments: The Biography of the Buddha in Some Mūlasarvāstivādin Cycles of Religious Festivals 361 XVII. Taking the Bodhisattva into Town: More Texts on the Image of “the Bodhisattva” and Image Proc essions in the Mūlasarvāstivāda-v inaya 390 XVIII. The Learned Monk as a Comic Figure: On Reading a Buddhist Vinaya as Indian Literature 404 XIX. On the Underside of a Sacred Space: Some Less Appreciated Functions of the Temple in Classical India 432 Index of Archaeological Sites and Inscriptions 449 Index of Texts 451 Index of Subjects 455 AC KNOW LEDG MENTS This is the fourth volume of papers that the University of Hawai‘i Press has been willing to take a chance on, and I am im mensely grateful for, if not its confi- dence, at least its foolhardiness. I am equally grateful to Patricia Crosby for shep- herding every one of the volumes from manuscript to published book. Having been raised above 8,000 feet, she has long been proficient in looking after all sorts of lost sheep, myself included. Equally involved and supportive in all four volumes has been Luis Gómez. He remains a friend and my model of the gentleman scholar. Although the laws of nature and the vagaries of human relationships have taken their toll, the cast of characters that peopled the previous ack nowl edgm ents, while smaller, remains otherwise pretty much the same here. My mother no longer calls 911 to insist that she must have her gall bladder removed, having reached, we think, the peace that passes understanding. My sister Barbara— always my favorite— has become even more special, though no less funny. Our time together every year in Mexico renews me even though it plays havoc with my liver. Two old friends make impending old age amusing: John Thiel, even more bald and ever more cantankerous, and Hal Roth, still a marvel of sartorial asymmetry. Also in New England— where I unexpectedly find myself— are Phyllis Granoff and Koi- chi Shinohara. Their regular salons will be sorely missed by all who had the plea- sure of attending. One of the “new” papers in this volume (Ch. XVI) was first given at one such event, and several more of the papers first appeared in Phyllis’ journal. In Texas, there is Patrick Olivelle— now retired— who for almost thirty years has been a fixed point on my compass, who has encouraged and aided me both personally and intellectually. One of the papers in this volume is dedicated to him (Ch. IV) and many more could have been. Another old and important friend and colleague is Gérard Fussman, now retired from the Collège de France. For twenty- five years we have exchanged views and arguments, and I have learned much from ix x Ac know ledg ments his uncanny point of view and clarity. One of the papers reprinted here (Ch. VII) was first presented in a preliminary version at his invitation in Paris, and another, which did not fit into the pa ram e ters of this volume, is dedicated to him. Equally old is my debt to Oskar von Hinüber, also now retired. From the beginning of what passes for my career he has supported my work even though he often could not have agreed with it, and he has taught me much by his own work. Another of the papers in this volume is dedicated to him (Ch. XI). Although we meet all too rarely, Richard Solomon— happily, not yet retired— has also been for many years now a consistent model of fine scholarship for me, and a friend. But lest the impression be left that I appreciate and am owing only to old guys, let me say how very much I have already learned from Shayne Clarke in par- tic u lar, but all my recent students. Shayne in Canada, Kishino Ryoji (mgo reg) in Japan (I think— I never know quite where he is), and Wayne Bass in America, as well as Yao Fumi in Japan and Jens Borgland in Norway (the last two not my stu- dents although I wish they were). All of them give me hope for the future and will allow me to shuffle off my increasingly mortal coil knowing the Mūlasarvāstivāda- vinaya is in good and capable hands. And Jason McCombs may yet succeed where I have not and convince his elders that there are much more interesting things to do with the Mahāyāna than talk in circles about the old, moribund, and frankly boring topic of its origins. I wish them all well and thank them. There are also old colleagues and good friends at UCLA where virtually all these papers were written: William Bodiford, who is still our guide for all things LA; John Duncan, who pointed me to the wonders of Skull Valley; Robert Bus- well, although I rarely know exactly where he is either even though his office is next to mine; and Bob Brown, who always makes a walk across campus worth- while. But also the young ones, especially Natasha Heller and Jack Chen and, of course, Damien. Over their years in LA, however, Calvert Watkins and Stephanie Jamison have become special friends. Keeping up with them intellectually was all but impossible— I never got Calvert’s jokes in old Irish, nor, I admit, did I get much out of the Hittite dialogue in the movie he took us to, but his company was always grand, the food excellent, the drink copious. We will miss him very much. Stephanie has been both a friend and a source of all things Sanskritic. Several of the papers included here appeared in the journal she so competently and devotedly edits. We are looking forward to many more years of her company. Of new colleagues at Brown, there is again Professor Roth, but also Janine Sawada, Jim Fitzgerald, and particularly Susan Harvey who somehow convinced the Corporation that it needed another old white guy. Her work on scent has al- ready inspired one of my papers, which is not quite finished. She was reason enough to come to Brown.