buddhism and comparative constitutional law Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law offers the first comprehensive account of the entanglements of Buddhism and constitutional law in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Tibet, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan. Bringing together an interdisciplinary team of experts, the volume offers a detailed portraitof“theBuddhist-constitutionalcomplex,”demonstratingtheintricateandpower- fulwaysinwhichBuddhistandconstitutionalideasmerge,interact,andco-evolve.The authors also highlight the important ways in which Buddhist actors have (re)conceived Western liberal ideals such as constitutionalism, the rule of law, and secularism. Available Open Access on Cambridge Core, this trans-disciplinary volume is written to beaccessibletoanon-specialistaudience. tom ginsburg is the Leo Spitz Professor of International Law at the University of ChicagoandaResearchProfessorattheAmericanBarFoundation. benjamin schonthal is Professor of Buddhist Studies and Head of the Religion Programme at the University of Otago, where he also co-directs the Otago Centre for LawandSociety. COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND POLICY SeriesEditors TomGinsburgUniversityofChicago ZacharyElkinsUniversityofTexasatAustin RanHirschlUniversityofTexasatAustin Comparativeconstitutionallawisanintellectuallyvibrantfieldthatencompassesanincreasingly broad array of approaches and methodologies. This series collects analytically innovative and empiricallygroundedworkfromscholarsofcomparativeconstitutionalismacrossacademicdiscip- lines. Books in the series include theoretically informed studies of single constitutional jurisdic- tions,comparativestudiesofconstitutionallawandinstitutions,andeditedcollectionsoforiginal essaysthatrespondtochallengingtheoreticalandempiricalquestionsinthefield. BooksintheSeries AmendingAmerica’sUnwrittenConstitutioneditedbyRichardAlbert,RyanC.Williams, andYanivRoznai ConstitutionalismandaRighttoEffectiveGovernment?editedbyVickiC.JacksonandYasmin Dawood TheFalloftheArabSpring:Democracy’sChallengesandEffortstoReconstitutetheMiddleEast TofighMaboudi FilteringPopulistClaimstoFightPopulism:TheItalianCaseinaComparativePerspective GiuseppeMartinico ConstitutionalisminContextDavidS.Law TheNewFourthBranch:InstitutionsforProtectingConstitutionalDemocracyMarkTushnet TheVeilofParticipation:CitizensandPoliticalPartiesinConstitution-MakingProcesses AlexanderHudson ToweringJudges:AComparativeStudyofConstitutionalJudgeseditedbyRehanAbeyratne andIddoPorat TheConstitutionofArbitrationVictorFerreresComella RedraftingConstitutionsinDemocraticOrders:TheoreticalandComparativePerspectiveseditedby GabrielL.Negretto FromParchmenttoPractice:ImplementingNewConstitutionseditedbyTomGinsburgand AzizZ.Huq TheFailureofPopularConstitutionMakinginTurkey:RegressingTowardsConstitutional AutocracyeditedbyFelixPetersenandZeynepYanas¸mayan AQualifiedHope:TheIndianSupremeCourtandProgressiveSocialChangeeditedbyGeraldN. Rosenberg,SudhirKrishnaswamy,andShishirBail ReconstructingRights:Courts,Parties,andEqualityRightsinIndia,SouthAfrica,andtheUnited StatesStephanStohler ConstitutionsinTimesofFinancialCrisiseditedbyTomGinsburg,MarkD.Rosen,andGeorg Vanberg HybridConstitutionalism:ThePoliticsofConstitutionalReviewintheChineseSpecial AdministrativeRegionsEricC.Ip Constitution-MakingandTransnationalLegalOrdereditedbyTomGinsburg,TerenceC. Halliday,andGregoryShaffer TheInvisibleConstitutioninComparativePerspectiveeditedbyRosalindDixonandAdrienne Stone ThePolitico-LegalDynamicsofJudicialReview:AComparativeAnalysisTheunisRoux ConstitutionalCourtsinAsia:AComparativePerspectiveeditedbyAlbertH.Y.ChenandAndrew Harding JudicialReviewinNorway:ABicentennialDebateAnineKierulf ConstituentAssemblieseditedbyJonElster,RobertoGargarella,VatsalNaresh,andBjornErik Rasch TheDNAofConstitutionalJusticeinLatinAmerica:Politics,Governance,andJudicialDesign DanielM.BrinksandAbbyBlass TheAdventuresoftheConstituentPower:BeyondRevolutions?AndrewArato CanadaintheWorld:ComparativePerspectivesontheCanadianConstitutioneditedbyRichard AlbertandDavidR.Cameron Constitutions,ReligionandPoliticsinAsia:Indonesia,MalaysiaandSriLankaDianA.H.Shah CourtsandDemocraciesinAsiaPoJenYap Proportionality:NewFrontiers,NewChallengeseditedbyVickiC.JacksonandMarkTushnet ConstituentsbeforeAssembly:Participation,Deliberation,andRepresentationintheCraftingof NewConstitutionsToddA.Eisenstadt,A.CarlLeVan,andTofighMaboudi AssessingConstitutionalPerformanceeditedbyTomGinsburgandAzizHuq Buddhism,PoliticsandtheLimitsofLaw:ThePyrrhicConstitutionalismofSriLankaBenjamin Schonthal EngagingwithSocialRights:Procedure,ParticipationandDemocracyinSouthAfrica’sSecond WaveBrianRay ConstitutionalCourtsasMediators:ArmedConflict,Civil-MilitaryRelations,andtheRuleofLaw inLatinAmericaJulioRíos-Figueroa PerilsofJudicialSelf-GovernmentinTransitionalSocietiesDavidKosarˇ MakingWethePeople:DemocraticConstitutionalFoundinginPostwarJapanandSouthKorea ChaiharkHahmandSungHoKim RadicalDeprivationonTrial:TheImpactofJudicialActivismonSocioeconomicRightsinthe GlobalSouthCésarRodríguez-GaravitoandDianaRodríguez-Franco UnstableConstitutionalism:LawandPoliticsinSouthAsiaeditedbyMarkTushnetandMadhav Khosla MagnaCartaandItsModernLegacyeditedbyRobertHazellandJamesMelton ConstitutionsandReligiousFreedomFrankB.Cross InternationalCourtsandthePerformanceofInternationalAgreements:AGeneralTheorywith EvidencefromtheEuropeanUnionCliffordJ.CarrubbaandMatthewJ.Gabel ReputationandJudicialTactics:ATheoryofNationalandInternationalCourtsShaiDothan SocialDifferenceandConstitutionalisminPan-AsiaeditedbySusanH.Williams ConstitutionalisminAsiaintheEarlyTwenty-FirstCenturyeditedbyAlbertH.Y.Chen ConstitutionsinAuthoritarianRegimeseditedbyTomGinsburgandAlbertoSimpser PresidentialLegislationinIndia:TheLawandPracticeofOrdinancesShubhankarDam SocialandPoliticalFoundationsofConstitutionseditedbyDenisJ.Galliganand MilaVersteeg ConsequentialCourts:JudicialRolesinGlobalPerspectiveeditedbyDianaKapiszewski,Gordon Silverstein,andRobertA.Kagan ComparativeConstitutionalDesigneditedbyTomGinsburg Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law Edited by TOM GINSBURG University ofChicago BENJAMIN SCHONTHAL University of Otago ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridgecb28ea,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. 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Contents Listof Contributors page xi Preface xiii byRebecca Redwood French Acknowledgments xvii Notes on Transliterationand Language xix 1 Introduction: Mappingthe Buddhist–Constitutional Complex inAsia 1 Tom Ginsburgand Benjamin Schonthal part i religious and political underpinnings 2 Buddhism and Constitutionalism in Precolonial Southeast Asia 35 D. Christian Lammerts 3 Theorising Constitutionalism in Buddhist-Dominant Asian Polities 57 Asanga Welikala part ii himalayan asia 4 The Zhabdrung’sLegacy: Buddhism and Constitutional Transformation in Bhutan 73 Richard W. Whitecross 5 The“TrickofLaw”:TheHermeneuticsofEarlyBuddhistLawinTibet 99 Martin A. Mills 6 Tibetan Buddhist Monastic Constitutional Law and Governmental Constitutional Law: MutualInfluences? 124 Berthe Jansen vii viii Contents part iii southern asia 7 Guardians ofthe Law: Sinhala Language and Buddhist Reformation in Postwar SriLanka 143 Krishantha Fedricks 8 Thai Constitutions as aBattle Ground for Political Authority: Baramiversus Vox Populi 161 Khemthong Tonsakulrungruang 9 Establishing the King as the Source of the Constitution:Shifting ‘Bricolaged’Narratives of Buddhist Kingship from Siam toThailand 181 EugénieMérieau 10 BuddhistConstitutionalismbeyondConstitutionalLaw:Buddhist Statecraft and Military Ideologyin Myanmar 198 Iselin Frydenlund 11 Reconstitutingthe Divided Sangha:Buddhist Authority in Post-Conflict Cambodia 220 Benjamin Lawrence part iv northern and northeastern asia 12 ConstitutionalBuddhism: JapaneseBuddhists and ConstitutionalLaw 241 Levi McLaughlin 13 Governing Buddhism in Vietnam 272 Ngoc Son Bui 14 The Buddhist Associationof China and Constitutional Law in Buddhist Majority Nations: The InternationalChannels of Influence 285 André Laliberté 15 Governing “Lamaism” onthe “Frontier”:Buddhism and Lawin Early Twentieth-Century InnerMongolia 305 DaigengnaDuoer 16 Buddhist ConstitutionalBattlegrounds: Usingthe Courts to LitigateMonastic Celibacy in South Korea (1955–1970) 325 Mark A. Nathan