SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 222 March, 2012 Buddhism Across Boundaries: The Interplay of Indian, Chinese, and Central Asian Source Materials edited by John R. McRae and Jan Nattier Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. 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You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. B A B uddhism cross oundAries The Interplay of Indian, Chinese, and Central Asian Source Materials Edited by John R. McRae and Jan Nattier Fo Guang Shan Foundation for Buddhist and Culture Education Taipei, Taiwan and Sino-Platonic Papers John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) Contents iv Foreword v Preface viii Contributors 1 Buddhism Across Boundaries: The Foreign Input Erik Zürcher 26 Early Prakrit and Sanskrit Manuscripts from Xinjiang (Second to Fifth/Sixth Centuries C.E.): Paleography, Literary Evidence, and Their Relation to Buddhist Schools Lore Sander 50 Buddhist Sanskrit Texts from Northern Turkestan and Their Relation to the Chinese Tripiṭaka Jens-Uwe Hartmann 63 The Oldest Buddhist Incantation in Chinese? A Preliminary Study of the Chinese Transcriptions of the Mantra in the Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra Paul Harrison and W. South Coblin 86 Aśvaghoṣa in Central Asia: Some Comments on the Recensional History of His Works in Light of Recent Manuscript Discoveries John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) Richard Salomon 106 Khotan, an Early Center of Buddhism in Chinese Turkestan Prods Oktor Skjærvø 142 Textual Sources for Buddhism in Khotan Hiroshi Kumamoto 150 The Khotanese Antecedents of The Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish (Xianyu jing) Victor H. Mair 179 Aršak, Parthian Buddhists, and “Iranian” Buddhism David A. Utz 192 The “Sūtra of Complete Enlightenment” in Old Turkish Buddhism Peter Zieme 212 Rituals, Religious Communities, and Buddhist Sūtras in India and China Nancy J. Barnes 226 The Movement of Buddhist Texts from India to China and the Construction of the Chinese Buddhist Canon Lewis Lancaster 239 Bibliography John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 207 (September, 2010) Foreword As the world moves into the information age, modernization of Buddhism seems more and more important. With the focus on the wonders of computers and the Internet, people may lose sight of innate goodness and humanity. The new era holds some very sticky moral and ethical issues, which people will puzzle over the rest of the 90’s. You’ll also find that problems i which deal with divorce, AIDS, abuse of alcohol and drugs, step-parenting, and job loss are dragging on everywhere. The 90’s have been the most volatile of decades. To keep up with society’s demand for stabilization, purifying the human mind is a basic way to reduce crime. People may learn discipline through religious practice. Far from being out of touch with the world, Buddhism, above all other religions, is in close contact with the mundane realities of our lives. Buddhism sprang from India and flourished in China. From roughly the fourth cen- tury onwards Buddhism began to spread over all sections of China. It highlights the intimate connection with Chinese culture. It has had an impact on our country for several decades. Buddhism has withstood the test of time after twenty centuries. Not only is it overwhelming in China, but also in other countries such as Japan, Korea, Europe, the United States, and so on. Since its establishment more than thirty years ago Fo Guang Shan, founded in 1967, has been devoted to the propagation of Buddhist teachings through monastic and secular education, cultural activities, Buddhist practice, and charity on every continent. The book Buddhism Across Boundaries was the outcome of the presentation of the conference held in January 1993 at Hsi Lai Temple. All invited speakers were known for their specialities. The main focus was on the relation between Chinese Buddhism and the western regions, placing special emphasis on the culture and language of Buddhism indicated in the early texts and translations. Among the topics discussed in detail were the various attempts to explore an- other new field in Buddhist research. i A series of conferences, creating an atmosphere where Buddhism thrives, was our goal. We hoped to break down barriers and get an opportunity to set a new wave of discussion over related aspects in Buddhism. We also hailed the conference as a major breakthrough for re- search. Buddhist thought could reach a new peak, and all efforts we have made would enhance academic developments. Xing Yun Fo Guang Shan April 19, 1999 icv John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 207 (September, 2010) Preface This volume is the product of a conference held in January 1993 at Hsi Lai Temple in Ha- cienda Heights, California, under the sponsorship of the Fo Guang Shan Foundation for Buddhist Culture Education and Hsi Lai University. The original goal of the conference, as designed by the editors (primarily by Nattier, with assistance from McRae), was to bring together scholars from around the world who were most knowledgeable in the languages rel- evant to the study of early Chinese Buddhism, i.e., the languages of India and Central Asia, as well as Chinese. As an intellectual and scholarly event the conference far exceeded our greatest expectations. First, we believe that we did manage to assemble some of the very best scholars in the world in their respective fields. To be sure, there were many others who we could not invite, or who could not attend, but we are very honored to have been able to assemble such a gathering of brilliant and eminent scholars. Second, although many of the participants knew of each other through publications prior to the conference, and more than a few were already close collaborators and friends, all who attended pointed out that the conference strategy of bringing together representatives of these various fields was unprecedented. Given the specialization that is endemic to the scholarly community—and, indeed, the linguistic fields represented include some of the most technically difficult and arcane in all of Buddhist studies—no one had ever had the resources or taken the initiative to assemble such a cast of researchers. Third, although it may seem mundane to point this out, everyone got along tremendously well at the conference, both during the formal sessions and the unstructured conversations afterwards. There were disagreements and debates, to be sure, but the participants always managed to undertake these in a spirit of friendly intellectual discussion and collaboration, and there was a genuinely shared atmosphere of gratitude and mutual appreciation. In addition to the contributors to this volume, the following invited participants (some of whose papers had already been, or have since been, published elsewhere) also took part in the conference: Robert E. Buswell, Jr. of UCLA; chou Po-kan 周伯戡 of the Department of History at National Taiwan University in Taipei; Richard N. Frye, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University; Lin Meicun 林梅存 of the China Institute of Cultural Relics in Beijing; Gregory Schopen, then of the Center for Asian Studies at The University of Texas; Werner Sundermann, of the Turfanforschung at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin; and Xu Wenkan 徐文堪 of the Editorial Committee of the Hanyu Da Cidian 漢語大辭典 in Shanghai; and YuYAmA Akira 湯山明, then of the International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo. The following individuals attended and made useful contributions to our discussions: dv John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 207 (September, 2010) Peter Lee, of the Department of East Asian Languages, University of California, Los Angeles; Janice Leoshko, then of the Department of Indian and Southeast Asian Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art; and Richard K. Payne of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, Berkeley. In addition to working to achieve the greatest possible intellectual quality for both the conference and volume, the editors’ task lay primarily in ensuring consistency of style and expression throughout the volume. Following the conference most of the contributors submitted emended versions of their papers, which we then turned over to Daniel Boucher, who was also an active participant in conference discussions. The task assigned to Boucher, then a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania and now Associate Professor at Cornell University, was to query both the substantive and methodological concerns of the papers, in response to which the editors suggested additional modifications from the authors. The authors then submitted their final versions, which then went through the usual (and labor-intensive) sequence of computer input, proofreading, and correction. All files were submitted on disk and converted to WordPerfect 3.5 for the Macintosh, using Urs App’s Appeal as the basic font for English and diacritically marked Sanskrit, plus IPAKielSeven and IPAExtras from Linguist’s Software for the many special characters required. The Symbol, Apple LiSung Light, and HonMincho fonts were used for Greek, Chinese, and Japanese, respectively; additional accents and characters which did not appear in the Chinese Big5 code (and thus in Apple LiSung Light) were created using Fontographer. Certain special symbols (as in Lore Sander’s article) were submitted by the authors in the form of drawings and scanned in as graphical images. All this computer-related work was done by McRae, with proofreading and correction assistance from Nattier. We are grateful to Lisa Berkson of Bloomington, Indiana, for supervising the very difficult job of typesetting the original 1999 edition, which appeared under rather anonymous title, Collection of Essays 1993. The editors names were omitted, apparently due to the constraints of the Fo Guang Publishers series in question, and the subtitle that appeared on the volume’s cover—Buddhism Across Boundaries, Chinese Buddhism and the Western Regions— was only rarely sighted in bibliographic records. Happily, the Fo Guang Shan Foundation for Buddhist and Culture Education has agreed to the republication of this collection of articles in a more accessible form, as part of the Sino-Platonic Papers. For this reissued version several of the contributors submitted updated versions of their papers; the camera-ready copy was prepared using Adobe InDesign by McRae (who would like to thank iYAnAgA Nobumi 弥永信美 for a technical observation that made possible the use of the Appeal font within Macintosh OS X). We would like to thank editor Victor Mair (also a conference participant and paper contributor) for accepting this book into the Sino-Platonic Papers series. On behalf of all of the participants, the editors would like to thank Master Xing Yun vei John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 207 (September, 2010) 星雲大師, founder and spiritual guide of Fo Guang Shan, for providing the religious leader- ship that made this conference possible. Special thanks are due to Ven. Ci Hui 慈惠法師, Director of the Fo Guang Shan Foundation for Buddhist and Culture Education that was the primary sponsor of the conference, and which has made possible the publication of this volume. Many of the conference participants have also asked us to make special mention of the monastic community of Hsi Lai Temple, a group of very warm and dedicated nuns from Taiwan and elsewhere around Asia and the world, who provided the day-to-day logistical sup- port for the conference. August 21, 2011 John R. McRae Jan Nattier Hua Hin, Thailand vfii John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism Across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 222 (March, 2012) John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, eds., “Buddhism across Boundaries,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 207 (September, 2010) Contributors Nancy J. Barnes received her Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. Her publications deal with the s¨tra texts and history of early Mahåyåna Buddhism in India and China, as well as with women in Buddhist literature and in Buddhist communities. She is presently studying the history of the nuns’ order in ancient and modern Asia, and she is also engaged in an ex- amination of the early Buddhist community at Sanchi in India. W. South Coblin is Professor of Chinese at the University of Iowa, where he teaches courses in Chinese language and linguistics. He has a special interest in Chinese Buddhist transcriptions of the Han and medieval periods and has published several articles in these areas. Paul Harrison is Professor in the Department of Religion, Stanford University. His research interests include the history of Buddhism, the study of Mahåyåna s¨tra-literature (especially in Chinese and Tibetan translation), and the history of the Tibetan canon. He has published several critical editions and translations of Buddhist texts, as well as a number of articles on doctrinal themes. Jens-Uwe Hartmann received his Ph.D. from the University of Munich. From 1981 to 1984 he was employed by the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, working on a Sanskrit dictionary of Buddhist texts from Turfan; from 1984 to 1995 he held various positions at the Institute for Indian and Buddhist Studies at the University of Göttingen. From April 1995 he was Profes- sor of Tibetology at Humboldt University in Berlin, and more recently he has moved to the Institut für Indologie und Iranistik at the University of Munich, where he specializes in Bud- dhist canonical literature in Sanskrit and in Tibetan and Chinese translations. Hiroshi Kumamoto studied linguistics and Sanskrit at the University of Tokyo (MA in Linguistics 1976) and Iranian Studies at the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D. 1982). His main interest is in Khotanese, a Middle Iranian language from the Khotan area and Dunhuang. He has been working especially on secular documents in Khotanese, including the recently published and still unpublished material in St. Petersburg. He is also preparing an edition of 15 Khotanese documents in the Pelliot and Stein collections as Saka Documents Text Volume Two, where a new edition of his dissertation will be included. He has been teaching linguistics at the University of Tokyo since 1989. Lewis Lancaster is now Professor Emeritus of East Asian Languages and Buddhist Studies, University of California, Berkeley. His work on the study of the Buddhist canon has included the volume The Korean Buddhist Canon, plus a number of articles such as “The Editing of vgiii