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Go to evolve.elsevier.com/shop to search and browse for products. 2019v1.0 Approved Abbreviations for Medications* Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning a before Write out milliunit ac before meals mL milliliter ad lib as desired; freely NG, NGT nasogastric tube ADE adverse drug event NKA no known allergies AM, am in the morning; before noon NKDA no known drug allergies amp ampule NPO nothing by mouth aq water NS normal saline bid twice a day oz*** ounce BSA body surface area OTC over the counter C Celsius p after c with pc after meals cap or caps capsule PCA patient-controlled analgesia CD* controlled dose per through, by (route) comp compound per each (math term) CR** controlled release PO, po by mouth dil. dilute PM, pm afternoon; evening DS double strength prn as needed; when necessary elix elixir q each, every ext external; extract q2h, q4h, etc. every 2 hours, every 4 hours, etc. F Fahrenheit qs as much as needed; quantity sufcient . or d uid rep. repeat g gram Rx give, treatment, prescription gt, gtt drop, drops s without h, hr hour SL, subl sublingual (under the tongue) ID intradermal(ly) sol. or soln. solution IM intramuscular(ly) SR** sustained release inj injection stat immediately, at once IV intravenous(ly) SUBQ subcutaneous(ly) IVPB intravenous piggyback supp suppository kg kilogram susp. suspension KVO keep vein open Syr syrup L liter tab tablet LA** long acting tbs., tbsp, or T*** tablespoon lb pound tid three times a day liq. liquid tinct tincture m meter TKO to keep open m2 square meter tsp*** teaspoon mcg microgram ung ointment mEq milliequivalent vag vaginal mg milligram XR** extended release CLINICAL ALERT! *This is one example of approved abbreviations. The Joint Commission does not provide a list of approved abbreviations but recognizes that individual organizations may develop a list of standardized abbreviations. Check agency policy. **The manufacturer acronyms that follow medication names have caused confusion and errors. CD, CR, DR, E-R, LA, SA, SR, TR, XL, XR, XT all refer to various timed-release forms of the drug. They cannot be used interchangeably. Some need to be taken more than once a day; some tablets can be cut, others cannot. Double check the order and the acronym with a current drug reference and the patient medication history to protect the patient from a medication type or dose error. Do NOT confuse DS—double strength—with other acronyms. DS pertains only to strength, not timing of release. ***Abbreviations for ounce, tablespoon, and teaspoon are provided here for information only. Best practice is to use the metric system only (e.g., mL). See Appendix B. The Joint Commission’s Ofcial “Do Not Use” List Official “Do Not Use” List1 Do Not Use Potential Problem Use Instead U (unit) Mistaken for “0” (zero), the Write “unit” number “4” (four) or “cc” IU (International Unit) Mistaken for IV (intravenous) Write “International Unit” or the number 0 (ten) , , ,  (ail) Mistaken for each other Write “ail” , , o, o erio after the  mistaken for Write “ever other a” (ever other a) “I” an the “” mistaken for “I” railin zero (0 m) ecimal oint is misse Write  m ack of leain zero ( m) Write 0 m M an mean morhine sulfate or Write “morhine sulfate” manesium sulfate Write “manesium sulfate” M an M onfuse for one another 4 4 1 lies to all orers an all meicationrelate ocumentation that is hanritten (incluin freetet comuter entr) or on rerinte forms Exception:  “trailin zero” ma be use onl here reuire to emonstrate the level of recision of the value bein reorte, such as for laborator results, imain stuies that reort size of lesions, or cathetertube sizes It ma not be use in meication orers or other meicationrelate ocumentation Additional Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols future inclusion in the fficial “o ot Use” ist) Do Not Use Potential Problem Use Instead  (reater than) Misinterrete as the number Write “reater than”  (less than) “” (seven) or the letter “” Write “less than” onfuse for one another bbreviations for ru names Misinterrete ue to similar Write ru names in full abbreviations for multile rus othecar units Unfamiliar to man Use metric units ractitioners onfuse ith metric units  Mistaken for the number Write “at” “” (to) cc Mistaken for U (units) hen Write “m” oorl ritten or ml or “milliliters” (“m” is referre) μ Mistaken for m (millirams) Write mc or “microrams” resultin in one thousanfol overose © The Joint Commission, 2020. Reprinted with permission. See: https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/ fact-sheets/do-not-use-list-8-3-20.pdf?db=web&hash=2489CB1616A30CFFBDAAD1FB3F8021A5 Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations Abbreviation Write Abbreviation Write AD, AS, or AU right ear, left ear, or each ear SC, SQ, sq, or sub q SUBQ or subcutaneous(ly) OD, OS, or OU right eye, left eye, or each eye ss or SS single strength, sliding scale, signs and symptoms, or one-half or 1/2 cc mL for milliliters SSI or SSRI sliding scale (insulin) HS half-strength µg mcg hs HS for bedtime , less than . more than qhs nightly or HS for bedtime 1 plus, and, or in addition to qn nightly or HS for bedtime @ at q1d daily Please note: This is a partial list. For a more complete list, refer to www.ISMP.org. © 2021 ISMP, Used with permission. Source: https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list This page intentionally left blank Brown & MulhollanD’s Drug CalCulations Ratio and PRoPoRtion PRoblems foR CliniCal PRaCtiCe a B. tk–Eme EdD, rn, naP Prr eru frr ac d dpr  Gru nurg sch  nurg fc Uvry l, nw Jry ed, Rugr, th s Uvry  nw Jry nw bruwck, nw Jry ma, nurg euc, nw Yrk Uvry nw Yrk, nw Yrk bsn, W Pr Cg Wy, nw Jry Me a. Fe Deed EdD, rn, CnE Prr eru frr ac d, dpr  Gru nurg sch  nurg, fc Uvry l, nw Jry ed, Rugr, th s Uvry  nw Jry nw bruwck, nw Jry ma, nurg euc, nw Yrk Uvry nw Yrk, nw Yrk bsn, s H Uvry suh org, nw Jry 12 tH edition Elsevier 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 BROWN AND MULHOLLAND’S DRUG CALCULATIONS, TWELFTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-80986-3 Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2020, 2016, 2012, 2008, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1979. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021937162 Senior Content Strategist: Yvonne Alexopoulos Content Development Manager: Meghan Andress Content Development Specialist: Deborah Poulson Publishing Services Manager: Shereen Jameel Senior Project Manager: Manikandan Chandrasekaran Cover Design and Design Direction: Amy Buxton Printed in Canada Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Reviewers Lou Ann Boose, MSN, RN Senior Professor of Nursing Health and Public Service Department HACC-Central Pennsylvania’s Community College Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Becky Farmer, MSRS, RT(R)(M) Associate Professor Allied Health Northwestern State University Shreveport, Louisiana Jessica Gonzales, ARNP Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner Private Practice Redmond, Washington Janice Elaine Pinheiro, BSN, MSN, RNC-OB, MSN Senior Clinical Instructor, Sta RN, Level III, Captain USAF (inactive) Department of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing, Obstetrics Eastern Kentucky University, Baptist Health Lexington Richmond, Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Paula Denise Silver, BS Biology, PharmD Medical Instructor Medical Assisting, Dental Assisting, LPN, RN, BSN ECPI University: School of Health Science Newport News, Virginia vii This page intentionally left blank