BROADBAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FOR INTERNET ACCESS Related Recent Titles Mobile andWireless Internet: Protocols,AlgorithmsandSystems KiaMakki, Niki Pissinou, Kami (Sam) Makki,E.K. Park (Eds.) ISBN 0-7923-7208-5,July 2003 http://www.wkap.nl/prodlb/0-7923-7208-5 InternetProtocols: Advances, Technologies and Applications Subrata Goswami ISBN 1-4020-7476-X,May 2003 http://www.wkap.nl/prodlbll-4020-7476-X InternetworkingandComputingoverSatelliteNetworks YongguangZhang (Ed.) ISBN 1-4020-7424-7,April 2003 http://www.wkap.nl/prodlbll-4020-7424-7 Global Mobile SatelliteSystems:ASystems Overview Peter A.Swan, Carrie L.Devieux, Jr. (Eds.) 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KOla, Kaveh Pahlavan and Pentri Leppanen ISBN 978-1-4613-4710-1 ISBN 978-1-4419-8895-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/918-1-4419-8895-9 Copyright !Cl 2004 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 2004 All righlS reserved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Publisher, with the exceplion of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. .",,~,~m~i'~'~iO~"f'@Ä;;w;k~"~."~I.""'!!!iJ!liQ!!1J"'Jsru""!lll Permission for books pub1ished in Europe: Permissions for books pubJishcd in thc Unilcd Slates of America: [email protected] Printed on acid-free paper_ Dedication Tomy motherandfather (Sastri) ToLord Krishna whose inspiration carriedSastri through the completion of his dissertation andedition ofthis book (Kaveh andPentti) Contents ListofFigures XVll List ofTables xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii 1. OverviewofBroadbandSatelliteNetworks 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. BroadbandSatelliteInternet 4 1.2.1. InternetEvolution 4 1.2.2. Next GenerationInternet 9 1.2.2.1. InterplanetaryInternet 10 1.2.3. What isBroadband? 10 1.2.3.1. BroadbandApplications 11 1.2.4. BroadbandSatellite 13 1.3. Global Network Infrastructure 15 1.3.1. Requirements 17 1.4. Satellite Networks Evolution 18 1.4.1. CircuitOriented 20 1.4.2. Packet Oriented 20 1.4.3. Multimedia 23 1.5. BackboneTechnologies 24 1.5.1. Frame Relay 24 1.5.2. ATM 27 1.5.3. IP 31 1.5.4. DWDM 38 1.5.5. MPLS 41 1.5.6. GMPLS 42 1.5.7. GFP 43 1.6. Access Technologies 44 1.6.1. DSL 46 1.6.2. Cable 48 1.6.3. Hybrid Fiber Coax 50 1.6.4. Wireless 53 1.6.4.1. BroadbandWireless 54 1.6.5. Satellite 56 1.7. Structureofthe Book 58 1.7.1. Part One: PrinciplesofSatelliteNetworks 58 viii BROADBAND SATELLITE INTERNET 1.7.2. PartTwo: SatelliteNetworks Technical Challenges 60 1.7.3. PartThree:Satellite IP Networks Performance 61 1.7.4. Part Four: SatelliteATM Networks Performance 61 PartI: PrinciplesofSatelliteNetworks 63 2. BasicsofNetworks 65 2.1. Introduction 65 2.2. Basic Characteristics 65 2.3. Orbits andCoverage 66 2.3.1. GeostationaryEarth Orbit (GEO) 68 2.3.2. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 69 2.3.3. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 70 2.3.4. Comparison 71 2.4. FrequencyBands 72 2.4.1. Filing Status 73 2.4.2. Ka-band andBeyond 73 2.5. NetworkTopologies 73 2.5.1. Point-to-PointNetworks 74 2.5.2. Point-to-MultipointNetworks 74 2.5.3. Multipoint-to-PointNetworks 74 2.5.4. Multipoint-to-MultipointNetworks 74 2.6. SatelliteServices 75 2.6.1. Fixed SatelliteService 75 2.6.2. Mobile Satellite Service 75 2.6.3. BroadcastSatellite Service 76 3. SatelliteSystemEngineeringMethodology 77 3.1. Introduction 77 3.2. Approach 77 3.2.1. Business Model 80 3.2.2. Service Requirements 80 3.2.3. SatelliteInternet Applications 81 3.2.3.1. Internet Application Protocols 82 3.2.4. Application Profiles 83 3.2.5. Requirements 83 3.2.5.1. System Level Requirements 84 3.2.5.2. Network Level Requirements 84 3.2.6. System Architecture- Candidate(s) 84 3.2.6.1. Space Segment- GSO vs.NGSO 85 3.2.6.2. Ground Segment 90 3.2.6.3. Control Segment 91 3.2.6.4. Interfaces 92 3.2.6.5. TradeoffStudies 92 3.2.6.6. Baseline System Architecture 93 3.2.6.7. Business and OperationsSupportSystems (BSS/OSS) 93 3.2.7. PerformanceEvaluation 93 3.2.8. IntegrationTestbed 94 3.2.9. Outputs 94 Contents ix 4. NetworkSystemsand Examples 95 4.1. Introduction 95 4.1.1. ConnectivityNetwork 96 4.1.2. Access Network 96 4.2. NextGeneration Ka-Band 97 4.3. Broadband Satellite Network 99 4.3.1. Requirements 100 4.3.2. Protocol Stack 101 4.3.3. Onboard Processing 101 4.3.4. Onboard Switching 102 4.3.5. IntersatelliteLinks 104 4.3.6. Spot BeamTechnology 105 4.4. Global Broadband Satellite Systems 105 4.4.1. EuroSkyWay Example 106 4.5. Broadband Satellite Access Network 109 4.5.1. Gateway 110 4.5.2. Terminal 111 4.5.3. Regional Satellite Access Systems 111 4.5.4. StarBand Example 112 4.6. Mobile Satellite Network 113 4.6.1. Inmarsat 113 4.6.2. Mobile Satellite Systems 114 4.6.3. ACeSSystem Example 116 4.7. VSAT Networks 118 4.7.1. VSAT Applications 118 4.7.2. VSAT Network Types 118 4.7.3. Multiple Access 120 4.7.4. VSAT Example - LINKWAY 121 5. QualityofServicein LayeredArchitecture 123 5.1. Introduction 123 5.2. End-to-End Quality ofService 123 5.2.1. WhyQoS? 123 5.2.2. What isQoS? 124 5.2.3. End-to-End QoS LayerModel 126 5.2.4. QoS Parameters 128 5.2.5. QoS Building Blocks 129 5.2.6. Protocol Architecture -ETSI 132 5.2.7. QoSFunctional Allocation 133 5.2.8. MobileQoS 135 5.2.9. QoSChallenges 135 5.2.10. System Availability 136 PartII: SatelliteNetworkTechnical Challenges 139 6. PhysicalandLinkLayers 141 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Physical Layer 141 x BROADBAND SATELLITE INTERNET 6.2.1. HigherOrderModulation 142 6.2.2. EncodingTechniques- TurboandConcatenated 142 6.2.3. PropagationEffects 143 6.2.4. AdaptiveCodingTechniques 143 6.2.5. AdaptivePowerControl 147 6.3. LinkLayer:MediaAccessControl 148 6.3.1. FixedAssignmentMultipleAccess 149 6.3.1.1. FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess(FDMA) 150 6.3.1.2. TimeDivisionMultipleAccess(TDMA) 150 6.3.1.3. CodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA) 150 6.3.2. RandomAccess 151 6.3.2.1. PureALOHA 151 6.3.2.2. SlottedALOHA 152 6.3.2.3. Selective-RejectALOHA 152 6.3.2.4. CaptureALOHA 152 6.3.2.5. ContentionResolutionAlgorithm 153 6.3.3. DemandAssignmentMultipleAccess 153 6.3.3.1. ReservationALOHA 154 6.3.3.2. Round-RobinReservation 155 6.3.3.3. PriorityOrientedDemandAssignment(PODA) 156 6.3.3.4. FixedPriorityOrientedDemandAssignment(FPODA) 157 6.3.4. MACProtocolsComparison 157 6.3.5. ATMandSatelliteMACProtocols 158 6.3.6. InteractiveMultimediaoverSatellite 160 6.3.6.1. CombinedFreeDemandAssignmentMultipleAccess(CF- DAMA) 161 7. Satellite TCPIIP: Technical Challenges 165 7.1. Introduction 165 7.2. SatelliteIP 166 7.2.1. SatelliteIPTrafficManagement 166 7.2.1.1. Functions 167 7.2.2. QoSMechanisms 169 7.2.2.1. BestEffort 170 7.2.2.2. IntServ 171 7.2.2.3. DiffServ 175 7.2.2.4. MPLS 178 7.2.3. VoiceoverIP 180 7.2.4. SatelliteIPSecurity 183 7.2.5. SatelliteIPMulticast 188 7.2.5.1. MulticastRoutingProtocol 189 7.2.5.2. SatelliteIPMulticast 190 7.2.6. InteractiveSatelliteIP 191 7.2.6.1. SatelliteIPMultimediaProtocolStacks 192 7.2.6.2. MappingbetweenPHBandBandwidthAllocationSchemes 193 7.2.6.3. Security 194 7.3. SatelliteTCP 195 7.3.1. SatelliteLinkCharacteristicsAffectingTCP 195 Contents xi 7.3.2. TCPProtocol 197 7.3.2.1. Bandwidth-DelayProduct 197 7.3.2.2. SlowStartandCongestionAvoidance 199 7.3.2.3. FastRetransmitandFastRecovery 200 7.3.3. TCPEnhancementsforSatelliteNetworks 202 7.3.3.1. LargeInitialWindow 202 7.3.3.2. DelayedACKsafterSlowStart 203 7.3.3.3. ByteCounting 203 7.3.3.4. TCPVegas 203 7.3.3.5. TCPNewReno 204 7.3.3.6. TCPSelectiveAcknowledgment(SACK) 205 7.3.3.7. ForwardErrorCorrection(FEC) 206 7.3.3.8. ExplicitCongestionNotification(ECN) 207 7.3.3.9. TCPIIPHeaderCompression 207 7.3.3.10.Window Scaling 208 7.3.3.11.TCPforTransactions 208 7.3.3.12.PacingTCPSegments 209 7.3.3.13.PathMTU 209 7.3.3.14.TCPEnhancementsComparison 210 7.3.4. PerformanceEnhancingProxies(PEP) 211 7.3.4.1. TCPSpoofing 212 7.3.4.2. TCPSplitting 212 7.3.4.3. PEPMechanisms 215 7.3.4.4. ImplicationsofUsingPEP 216 7.3.4.5. PerformanceExamples 216 7.3.4.6. SecurityoverPEP 220 7.3.5. WirelessIPSuiteEnhancer(WISE) 221 7.3.6. NetworkPathAsymmetry 222 7.3.7. OtherTransportProtocols 222 7.3.7.1. SatelliteTransportProtocol(STP) 223 7.3.7.2. SpaceCommunicationsProtocolSpecifications- Transport Protocol(SCPS-TP) 225 7.3.7.3. StreamControlledTransmissionprotocol(SCTP) 225 7.3.8. RecentTCPEnhancements 225 7.3.8.1. QuickStartTCP 225 7.3.8.2. TCPPeach 226 7.3.8.3. ExplicitTransportErrorNotification(ETEN) 226 7.3.8.4. TCPWestwood 227 7.3.9. TCPFriendlyCongestionControl 227 8. SatelliteATM: TechnicalChallenges 229 8.1. Introduction 229 8.2. SatelliteATMArchitectures 229 8.2.1. SatelliteATM:BentPipe 230 8.2.2. SatelliteATM:On-BoardProcessingandSwitching 231 8.2.3. SatelliteATMProtocols 232 8.3. SatelliteATMTechnicalChallenges 234 8.4. TrafficManagementandCongestionControl 235 8.4.1. FunctionalAllocation 236