BRITISH HUMANIST ASSOCIATION EXPLORING HUMANISM Originally developed by Robin Grinter and Anna Whitehead for Greater Manchester Humanists Amended edition for the British Humanist Association: March 2010 © 2010 Robin Grinter and Anna Whitehead In addition to normal fair dealing, permission is granted for this material to be copied in furtherance of Humanism for any non-commercial purpose, provided it is attributed to the authors, any copy includes a similar requirement and permission is sought from the authors. 1 EXPLORING HUMANISM AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE Course Overview Session 1 What do Humanists believe? Session 2 What are the historical roots of Humanism? Session 3 Where do Humanists get their moral values? Session 4 How do Humanists handle moral dilemmas? Session 5 What is the meaning and purpose of life for Humanists? Session 6 What do Humanists do? (Celebrations and Campaigns) and Review of Course (What does Humanism offer the individual and society today?) 2 SESSION 1 WHAT DO HUMANISTS BELIEVE? SESSION PLAN A. Introductory brainstorm: What do you think Humanism is? B. What do Humanists believe? 1.1 What makes a Humanist? C. Disbelief in the existence of god(s) 1.2 The existence of god(s): a spectrum of possibilities 1.3 Reasons for disbelief in god(s) 1.4 Atheists and Agnostics D. Scientific thinking and rational explanation 1.5 Scientific thinking and rational explanation E. Living the good life 1.6 Living the good life Support Material 1.7 The Amsterdam Declaration 2002 1.8 Humanism as a philosophical belief 3 1.1 WHAT MAKES A HUMANIST? What Humanists believe in: • Thinking for ourselves • Using evidence, experience and our reason to understand the world • Living this one life well, working out meaning and purpose in life for ourselves • Making ourselves and others as happy as possible • Reducing unhappiness as far as possible • Promoting human rights and freedoms • Living cooperatively with people of other beliefs What Humanists oppose: • The idea that you cannot have a meaningful life without belief in god(s) • The idea that morality derives from religion or god(s) • Doctrines of belief (religious or not) and indoctrination into them • Privileges or special laws for religions or religious people • Discrimination, human rights violations, and oppression What Humanists do not believe in: • A god or gods: supernatural beings intervening in the world and taking an interest in human affairs • Other supernatural beings: ghosts, angels, fairies, goblins etc; and other supernatural forces or events: karma, divine miracles etc. • An immortal soul and a ‘life’ after death (in heaven, hell or in a reincarnated form) • A divine ‘plan’ or ultimate purpose to the universe 4 1.2 THE EXISTENCE OF GOD: A SPECTRUM OF PROBABILITIES (From Richard Dawkins: ‘The God Delusion’ pp 50-51. Dawkins notes that there is no way in which anyone can prove or disprove the existence of God, so what matters therefore is whether his existence is probable or not.) 1. Strong theist 100 per cent probability of God. In the words of C.J.Jung, ‘I do not believe, I know.’ 2. Very high probability, but short of 100 per cent De facto theist. ‘I cannot know for certain, but I strongly believe in God and live my life on the assumption that he is there.’ 3. Higher than 50%, but not very high Technically agnostic but leaning towards theism. ‘I am very uncertain, but I am inclined to believe in God.’ 4. Exactly 50 per cent Completely impartial agnostic. ‘God’s existence and non-existence are exactly equi- probable.’ 5. Lower than 50 per cent, but not very low Technically agnostic but leaning towards atheism. ‘I do not know whether God exists, but I’m inclined to be sceptical.’ 6. Very low probability, but short of zero De facto atheist. ‘I cannot know for certain, but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there.’ 7. Strong atheist ‘I know there is no God, with the same conviction as Jung “knows” there is one.’ Questions to consider Where do you stand on the spectrum? Why? 5 1.3 REASONS FOR DISBELIEF IN GODS Those who have thought about and rejected religious belief often give one or more of the following reasons for this. You don’t have to agree with all these reasons to be a Humanist – some will probably seem better or more relevant than others – but you may identify with some of them. • They have considered the questions religions claim to answer and found religious answers unsatisfactory. People don’t really choose not to believe: they simply cannot believe in ideas they find incredible and false, and decide to face reality without what they see as myths or pretence or false comfort. • The existence of evil and suffering make it impossible to believe in a loving, all- powerful, all-knowing deity, who would allow so much suffering in the world to be caused by nature and people. For Humanists the only problem of suffering is how to reduce it! • Religions claim things to be true for which there is no supporting evidence, and encourage belief in the unbelievable and in superstition. • Rigid religious codes of behaviour often stifle our opportunity to think and act rationally and ethically. Ancient religious rules are unhelpful when thinking about new moral issues, where reason and the compassion that comes from empathy are more useful. • Religious authority has been, and still is, used to justify oppression, discrimination and injustice (for example against women, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people, disabled people, particular races and religious or non-religious groups). • Organised religions can cause deep divisions between people, communities and nations. Religious differences have been, and still are, a major cause of war, even when some religious leaders preach peace. • Religious authority is often used to justify a puritanical and pointless repression of pleasure (“Puritanism - the haunting fear that someone somewhere might be happy.” - H L Mencken). • Religious beliefs and authorities often stifle free debate. • Reliance on prayer and offerings to gods can prevent people seeking more active and effective solutions to their problems. • Belief in life after death can mean that people have less motivation to fight injustice and misery in this life, and so they endure suffering when they should be fighting it. The idea that there is a ‘better life’ in a ‘better place’ devalues this life and this world. Questions to consider Which of these reasons for disbelief do you identify with most strongly? Are there any that you don’t agree with? 6 (NB This section on its own may suggest that disbelief in god(s) is sufficient to define one as a Humanist. Atheism or agnosticism is indeed necessary for Humanists, but it is not sufficient. Humanism is above all an ethical approach to life without a religious basis.) 7 1.4 ATHEISTS AND AGNOSTICS Humanists differ in the certainty with which they hold to disbelief in god(s) and in their hostility to religious belief. Sometimes this is a result of their upbringing, and those who have been subjected to religious indoctrination are often the most hostile – as well as the best informed – critics of religion. Most humanists will be quite happy to use the word ‘atheist’ to describe their view about god(s), even if they do not want this one aspect to be regarded as definitive of their view of the world. Others do not like to call themselves atheists because it defines them in terms of what they don’t believe rather than by what they do believe in. Some Humanists do not like to call themselves atheists, because they think that the word implies absolute certainty about the non-existence of god(s), though in fact its derivation (a-theism = without god) suggests that it means living without god(s) rather than dogmatic disbelief. They may prefer to call themselves agnostics, which is not quite as vague and non-committal as is generally thought: ‘agnosticism’ is the term coined by T. H. Huxley to describe the belief that one cannot have a certain knowledge about things for which there is no evidence. In practice, agnostics live atheist lives, because they do not live with reference to any god(s). No Humanists think that religious doctrines are likely to be true, but most uphold and respect the right to believe whatever one likes, as long as it does not infringe the rights and beliefs of others and one does not expect everyone else to agree with one. Questions to consider Are you an atheist or an agnostic? Why? What difference does it make to the way you live your life? 8 1.5 SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND RATIONAL EXPLANATION ‘It is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty.’ T H Huxley * ‘The whole point about science and the scientific method is that it is a way of distinguishing truth from fiction…blind acceptance of authority is the very antithesis of real science, and…even if the most eminent person tells you that something is true, but the evidence says that it is not, you have to accept the evidence not the authority. All these intriguing and practical ideas, from black holes to digital television, have resulted from the application of scientific integrity and honesty to the study of the world, not from wishful thinking.’ John Gribbin * ‘Science is one of the very few human activities in which errors are systematically criticised and fairly often, in time, corrected.’ Karl Popper * ‘The scientific method (hypothesis – testing by experiment – observation – modified hypothesis – further testing by experiment, and so on) offers us powerful tools for understanding the world.’ British Humanist Association * ‘Life on earth evolved and is still evolving; there is no evidence that it was created by a deity. Most educated religious people in the West today also believe in evolution – but many think that God is somehow guiding it. However there is no need for, and no evidence of, a guide. Natural selection (essentially random genetic variation, combined with the survival and propagation of the individuals best adapted to their environment) can and does occur without a designer, and over billions of years has led to the evolution of complex and intelligent life.’ British Humanist Association * Questions to Consider Which of these reasons for scientific thinking do you find most convincing? Is the scientific approach adequate for all human purposes? What are its limitations? A Further Question Does science disprove the existence of God – not at all / possibly / completely? 9 1.6 LIVING THE GOOD LIFE The following statements are included at this point to emphasise that Humanism is a positive set of beliefs and attitudes. Opponents often dismiss Humanism as a negative – ‘Atheists are united only in what they oppose’ – but it is far more than this. It is a morality – an ethical approach to life – in its own right. This is developed in detail throughout the course. Some Humanist statements ‘We develop meaning and purpose in life by identifying an emotionally and intellectually satisfying belief system.’ James Siddelley * ‘We should live the fleeting day with passion.’ Richard Holloway * ‘We can make our lives worth living with all the more intensity because we know that – like all things – they have a final and irrevocable end.’ Andrew Copson * ‘Always treat people as ends in themselves, never as means to an end.’ Immanuel Kant * ‘Humanism is a philosophy of joyous service for the greater good of humanity, of application of new ideas of scientific progress for the benefit of all.’ Linus Pauling * ‘Being a Humanist means trying to behave decently without expectation of rewards or punishments after you are dead.’ Kurt Vonnegut * ‘Happiness is the only good…and the way to be happy is to make others so.’ Robert Ingersoll * Questions to consider Which of these statements do you identify with most strongly? Why? What parts of the Amsterdam Declaration (see 1.7) do you identify with most strongly? Why? 1 0