Martin Robson is a Visiting Lecturer at King’s College London, Defence Studies Department at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the UK. He specialises in the military and maritime history of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He com- pleted his PhD in the Department of War Studies, King’s College Lon- don and is a former Caird Senior Research Fellow at the National Mari- time Museum. He is the author of The Battle of Trafalgar, and co-author of Lord Beresford and British Intervention in Portugal. P1:PHB Trim:138mm×216mm Top:1in Gutter:1in IBBK043-01 IBBK043-Serieslist-Demis ISBN:9781848852228 October11,2010 15:1 INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF HISTORICAL STUDIES SeriesISBN:9781848852228 Seewww.ibtauris.com/ILHSforafulllistoftitles 64.TheNewWaysofHistory: 70.AConciseHistoryofEarly DevelopmentsinHistoriography ChristianHeresy GelinaHarlaftis,Nikos AlastairLogan Karapidakis,KostasSbonias 9781848854062 andVaiosVaiopoulos(Eds) 71.SocialDisorderinBritain 9781848851269 1750–1850:ThePowerofthe 65.NavalShipbuildingintheAgeof Gentry,RadicalismandReligion Sail:AnIndustrialHistory inWales 1100–1800 J.E.Thomas PhilipMacDougall 9781848855038 9781848851191 72.TheChurchinCouncil:Conciliar 66.SpatialConceptionsofthe Movements,ReligiousPracticeandthe Nation:ModernizingGeographies PapacyfromNiceatoVaticanII inGreeceandTurkey NormanTanner NikiforosDiamandouros, 9781848855137 ThaliaDragonasand C¸aglarKeyder(Eds) 73.JanHus:ReligiousReformand SocialRevolutioninBohemia 9781848851313 ThomasA.Fudge 67.TradeandCulturalExchangein 9781848851429 theEarlyModernMediterranean: Braudel’sMaritimeLegacy 74.TheBritishinEgypt:Community, CrimeandCrises1882–1922 MariaFusaro,ColinHeywood LanverMak andMohamed-SalahOmri(Eds) 9781848851634 9781848857094 68.Britain,PortugalandSouth 75.ThePoliticalEconomyofHuman RightsinArmenia:Authoritarianism AmericaintheNapoleonicWars: AlliancesandDiplomacyin andDemocracyinaFormerSoviet EconomicMaritimeConflict Republic MartinRobson SimonPayaslian 9781848851962 9781848858114 ii (cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:56)(cid:42)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:48)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:54)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3) (cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:37)(cid:54)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) The analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the JSCSC, the UK MOD or any other government agency. Published in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2011 Martin Robson The right of Martin Robson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Historical Studies 68 ISBN 978184885 196 2 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press (India) Camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author For Horatio Arthur CONTENTS List of illustrations viii Acknowledgements ix Maps xi Preface xiii Introduction: British War Aims 1 1. The Strategy of the Talents Ministry 21 2. The Importance of Portugal 27 3. The Portuguese Crisis of 1806 41 4. The Rosslyn Mission to Lisbon 60 5. The Talents and South America 83 6. The Strategy of the Portland Ministry 101 7. The Portuguese Crisis of 1807 113 8. The Smith Expedition to Lisbon 137 9. The Embarkation of the Portuguese Royal Family 154 10. The Blockade of Lisbon 174 11. The Portland Ministry and South America in 1808 196 12. The Spanish Insurrection and British policy 214 13. Conclusion 226 Appendices 241 Notes 263 Bibliography 315 Index 328 List of illustrations 1. ‘Napoleon on his Imperial throne’. This image of Napoleon in his coronation costume portrays his imperial power. (Jean Auguste Domi- nique Ingres, 1806, Musée de l’Armée). 2. Dom João (depicted in 1815 as King João VI of Portugal) with his wife Carlota Joaqunia of Spain. In 1806-1808 João was acting as Prince Regent, the effective head of the Portuguese government. (Manuel Dias de Oliveira, 1815, Acervo do Museu Histórico). 3. Sir William Sidney Smith, the Hero of Acre who foiled French ambi- tions in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1799 prompting Napoleon to re- mark of him ‘That man made me miss my destiny’. (John Eckstein, pub. 1808, © Crown copyright: UK Government Art Collection). 4. ‘A sketch of the River Tagus from the bar of Alcacova up to Coffin’s Hole’ showing the dangerous Cachops at the mouth of the river, forts St. Julian and Bugio, the city of Lisbon and the spacious inner harbour. (Anon, 1800, © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London). 5. ‘A draught of the Portuguese Ship Rainha de Portugal of 74 guns as taken off dimensions’. The Rainha de Portugal sailed with the Portuguese fleet to Brazil. (Sketch made at Portsmouth Dockyard, 1809, © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London). 6. ‘His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal and all the Royal Family embarking at Belem quay, Lisbon for Brazil on 27th November 1807 at 11 o’clock in the morning’. Much controversy would surround the precise events of the evacuation and exactly who deserved the credit. (Henry L’Évêque, 1815) 7. ‘Arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family in Brazil, 7 March 1808’. At centre is the 84 gun Portuguese flagship Principe Real, carrying the Prince Regent, HMS Marlborough (to the left) fires a salute. (Geoff Hunt, 1999). 8. Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, who was tasked with blockading Lisbon during the crucial months of 1808. (James Ramsay, pub. 1812, © Crown copyright: UK Government Art Collection). Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders prior to publication. If notified, all reasonable efforts will be made to rectify any errors or omissions in subsequent printings. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is impossible to write a book like this without assistance and guidance and I am indebted to a number of people who have helped make it pos- sible. The manuscript had its origins in my PhD thesis, completed under the supervision of Professor Andrew Lambert at the Department of War Studies, King’s College London. As an undergraduate registered on the War Studies BA course it was Andrew who first opened my eyes to the role of navies in warfare, in particular the links between naval power, trade and empire. Over what is now nearing two decades he has been a ready source of advice on a whole host of matters, from academic to personal guidance and support; as well as a sounding board for ideas, not all of which have managed to see the light of day, yet. Professor Charles Esdaile, who acted as external examiner for my thesis, made a number of suggestions and provided extremely helpful and constructive feedback which allowed me to explore various issues in a little more depth in this work. Dr Thomas Munch-Petersen provided much useful information relating to the Copenhagen expedition of 1807 and the transfer of the secret intelligence from Tilsit in 1807. Professor Malyn Newitt fielded a number of my queries relating to Portugal and the organisation of the Portuguese military, while proving an extremely patient source of guid- ance on a number of related issues. My colleagues at King’s College London’s Defence Studies Depart- ment at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Acad- emy of the UK provide a constant source of inspiration and a ready source of expertise and advice. In particular, Professor Geoffrey Till read parts of the introduction and I am thankful for his kind comments and support, it is always good to know one is on the right tack, particularly when utilising theoretical frameworks proposed by colleagues. Professor