Bringing Europe Down to Earth Hellström, Anders 2006 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hellström, A. (2006). Bringing Europe Down to Earth. [Doctoral Thesis (monograph), Department of Political Science]. Department of Political Science, Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 bringing europe down to earth 2 bringing europe down to earth Anders Hellström Lund Political Studies 144 Department of Political Science 3 © Anders Hellström ISBN 91-88306-64-X Lund Political Studies 144 ISSN 0460-0037 Cover Design: Nils-Olof Önning, Magnus Torstensson, Livia Sunesson & Robert Carreño. Typography: Stefan Andersson & Anders Hellström. Printed 2006 by print@soc, Lund. Distribution: Department of Political Science, Lund University Box 52 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden email: [email protected] http://www.svet.lu.se/lps/lps.html. 4 CONTENTS 1. THE NEW EUROPE....................................................................15 THE NEW EUROPE.....................................................................................16 A SITE OF STRUGGLE............................................................................................17 AIM OF THE STUDY................................................................................................20 BRINGING EUROPE DOWN TO EARTH........................................................21 EU INTEGRATION AND EUROPEAN IDENTIFICATION.......................25 THE HORIZON OF EXPECTATIONS................................................................26 THE ART OF BRINGING EUROPE DOWN TO EARTH........................29 EUROPE AND THE NATIONS.............................................................................31 REAL EUROPEANS AND THE OTHERS..........................................................32 2. WHAT WE ARE............................................................................35 WHAT WE ARE.............................................................................................38 WHAT I AM..................................................................................................................38 WHAT I AM NOT.......................................................................................................42 INTERPELLATION AND IDENTIFICATION.................................................43 UNDER MY SKIN.......................................................................................................44 IDENTITY POLITICS..................................................................................47 SPEAKING FROM POSITIONS.............................................................................48 THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY...................................................................50 THERE IS NO CENTRE, AND YET THERE IS...............................................51 POLITICS AS THE PARTIAL FIXATION OF MEANING............................54 FROM A CONCEPTUAL LABYRINTH TO CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS......................................................................................................55 EPILOGUE...................................................................................................................60 3. THE NEW EUROPEAN NATIONALISM.................................61 IN THE NAME OF EUROPE......................................................................64 THE EUROPEAN NATION....................................................................................66 THE NEW EUROPEAN NATIONALISM...........................................................68 ETHNIC AND CIVIC NATIONALISMS..............................................................71 COSMOPOLITAN NATIONALISM............................................................73 THE COSMOPOLITAN MAN.................................................................................75 5 UNITY-IN-DIVERSITY................................................................................77 UNITY –THE DISTANT PAST...............................................................................78 UNITY - THE NEAR PAST AND ON TO THE FUTURE.............................79 DIVERSITY...................................................................................................................82 UNITY-IN-DIVERSITY.............................................................................................84 COSMOS IS WHY OUR NATIONALISM IS GOOD...................................85 CONSTITUTIONAL PATRIOTISM......................................................................87 EPILOGUE...................................................................................................................89 4. THE KING IS DEAD, LONG LIVE THE KING.......................91 THE NATION IS DEAD: LONG LIVE EUROPE.....................................94 THE SHOW MUST GO ON..........................................................................96 FEDERALISM BUT NO FEDERATION.............................................................97 FEDERATION THROUGH FUNCTIONALIST MEANS.............................99 THE STATE STRIKES BACK................................................................................101 TECHNOCRACY AS IDEOLOGY......................................................................102 THE FOUNDING FATHERS TODAY......................................................104 DEAD AND ALIVE.................................................................................................106 5. TEACHING EUROPEANS HOW TO BE EUROPEANS.......108 PRODUCING KNOWLEDGE OF EUROPE..............................................111 KNOWING EUROPE..............................................................................................112 THE QUESTION OF EUROPE ON DOMESTIC SCENES.........................112 THE CASE OF IRELAND...........................................................................115 DISAPPOINTMENT, BUT THERE IS NO TURNING BACK…...............117 THE TREATY OF NICE AS MORAL OBLIGATION...................................118 EUROPEAN PEOPLE WANT EUROPE...........................................................120 BEFORE JUNE 7.......................................................................................................122 AFTER JUNE 7...........................................................................................................124 LEARNING EUROPE.............................................................................................125 THE CASE OF SWEDEN............................................................................127 EUROLAND...............................................................................................................128 BEFORE SEPTEMBER 14......................................................................................130 MAIN TOPICS IN THE DEBATE.......................................................................131 AFTER SEPTEMBER 14..........................................................................................134 CONSEQUENCES....................................................................................................135 COMMUNICATING EUROPE.............................................................................136 THE CASE OF FRANCE............................................................................137 BEFORE MAY 29......................................................................................................139 6 EUROPE NEEDS FRANCE NEEDS EUROPE...............................................139 WE DO WANT EUROPE… A DIFFERENT EUROPE................................142 AFTER MAY 29.........................................................................................................144 THE HEART VOTING AGAINST THE BODY..............................................145 THERE IS NO PLAN B...........................................................................................148 EXPLAINING EUROPE.........................................................................................150 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN EUROPEAN INTEGRATION.......153 6. EUROPE IN PERIL....................................................................157 WHAT WE ARE AFRAID OF......................................................................160 FOCUS OF THE CHAPTER..................................................................................160 A GENUINE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE.............162 SECURITY AND CULTURE......................................................................163 WE WOULD START WITH CULTURE.............................................................165 IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTITUTIVE THREATS..........168 FROM TAMPERE TO LAEKEN................................................................170 THE TAMPERE MILESTONES...........................................................................171 THE MISSING LINK...............................................................................................173 FROM LAEKEN TO BRUSSELS................................................................176 WE HAVE TO STAY TOGETHER......................................................................180 NEITHER GOD NOR GLOBALISATION................................................182 WELCOME IN EUROPE........................................................................................184 7. BRUSSELS AND POPULISM....................................................187 WE ARE NOT LIKE THEM.......................................................................190 RACISM DISCLAIMED...........................................................................................191 ELITE CONSENSUS...................................................................................193 INSECURITY AND INDIFFERENCE...............................................................195 ANTI-EUROPE..........................................................................................................197 POPULAR CONSENSUS............................................................................200 IMMIGRATION IS DANGEROUS........................................................................................201 THE PATRIA IS SET UNDER THREAT..............................................................................202 FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE...................................................................................................203 THE FOURTH WAY..................................................................................................................206 MUTUAL DEPENDENCY.........................................................................207 7 8. CONSENSUS IS DANGEROUS................................................210 WE DO NOT KNOW AND YET WE DO....................................................211 GOOD AND BAD EUROPEANS................................................................214 WANTED IN EUROPE...........................................................................................219 EXPERIENCES AND EXPECTATIONS..................................................224 FROM CHANCE TO DESTINY TO POLITICS..............................................227 WE ARE THE GOOD GUYS................................................................................228 REFERENCES................................................................................230 BOOKS, ANTHOLOGY CHAPTER AND ARTICLES.................................231 SPEECHES AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS...................................................247 OTHER MATERIAL.................................................................................................253 Lund Political Studies...................................................................................255 8 FÖRORD Jag och mina vänner hade temafest i Malmö. Varje rum hade ett eget tema med anpassad musik och temaspecifika inredningsdetaljer. Sovrummet blev till körsbärsdalen, vardagsrummet förvandlades till ”stora dans” och vad som egentligen hände i “rum revolution” har jag fortfarande inte riktigt fått klarhet i. Köket gjordes om till “salong spisdunk” och föga förvånande spelades där allt annat än mingelvänlig musik. På så vis kunde vi undvika “köksfestscenariet”, vilket innebär att flertalet gäster flyr högtalarnas pockande på uppmärksamhet för att istället flockas och svettas i ett trångt och illaluktande kök. Kanske vill jag med detta förord just mana till dans, en förhoppning om att du som läsare emellanåt studsar ut från köket och in i körsbärsdalen eller var du nu önskar bege dig. De flesta kapitel kan läsas relativt självständigt från varandra och om du så önskar slipper du ta reda på vad som egentligen hände i “rum revolution”. Nu har vi klarat av momentet ”smålustig inledning” och säkert är några av er ivriga att finna just ert namn i den tackkavalkad som brukar finns i dessa, avhandlingens mest lästa, sidor. Vi får väl se. Jag vill inleda med att uppmärksamma Krisberedskapsmyndigheten (KBM), Svenska nätverket för Europaforskning i Statsvetenskap, Crafoordska stiftelsen, Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas minnesfond, samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten och statsvetenskapliga institutionen vid Lunds Universitet. Tack vare finansiella förstärkningar från nämnda bidragsgivare har jag fått möjlighet att resa på konferenser, införskaffa litteratur och andra faciliteter som underlättat tillvaron som doktorand. Ibland måste man jobba för sin lön. Tack till Gunilla Jarlbro och Ole Elgström för er förmåga att ordna extraknäck, och tack till Marja Åkerström som tillsammans med mig hetsade fram en ambitiös medierapport om Sveriges ordförandeskapsperiod i EU. En annan kategori som förtjänar ett kollektivt tack är de tidsskrifter (European Societies, European Legacy och Geografiska Annaler, series B) och antologiredaktörer som givit mig tillstånd att återanvända visst material i denna bok. Intellektuell stimulans och kloka kommentarer har jag fått på diverse konferenser i allt från Mexico City till Loka Brunn. Tack alla medverkande. Lorenza Sebesta ska ha ett särskild tack för att hon tog emot mig som gästlärare vid Punto Europa i Forlí. 9