Федеральное агентство морского и речного флота Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Морской государственный университет им, адм. Г. И. Невельского О. Я. Казинская, Л. М. Ямченко BRIDGE WATCHKEEPING Учебное пособие Рекомендовано Дальневосточным региональным учебно-методическим центром (ДВ РУМЦ) в качестве учебного пособия для курсантов старших курсов специальности 180402.65 "Судовождение" Владивосток 2007 Introduction In many shipping companies, shipboard safety has improved greatly over the past few years. Safety awareness programmes, the regular use of safety equipment and training have made ships safer places to live in and work at. However, too many incidents, acci dents and injuries still occur. Many accidents are results of lapses in concentration or have seemingly minor causes. The consequencies of such lapses can lead to accidents which vary in their severity. Under the "International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention", more commonly known as the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, all shipping companies are required to develop a safety and environ mental policy. The Code, which is an International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolution, is incorporated as Chapter IX of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention and is mandatory. One of the objectives of the ISM code is to "provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment". Safety is of paramount importance and should be borne in mind before any task is attempted. In order to get this message across, it is necessary to develop a safety culture where all staff appreciate the importance of safety. In fact, it must be their first consideration and become part of their way of life. The officers on the ship, in particular, must be totally committed to the safety culture and must be seen to actively promote and sup port its development. Everyone onboard should actively promote safety. 5 Part I. Watchkeeping The following instructions are based to a large extent upon the International Convention on Standards of Training, certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended in 1995 (STCW Con vention) and are supposed to be used together with the specific in structions as included in the ship's Safety Management System (SMS). Unit I. Master The master has the ultimate responsibility for the safe and effi cient operation of the ship. He shall ensure that each officer of the watch (OOW) is sufficiently familiar with the ship's navigational and safety equipment as well as the manoeuvring capabilities and limitations to assume sole operational responsibility for a watch at sea. The master shall expressly inform the OOW when he assumes control of the vessel's navigation as well as when he returns the re sponsibility for the navigation of the vessel to the OOW. He shall organise the watchkeeping, enstiring that the bridge team members (himself included) are allowed sufficient rest periods in accordance with the STCW convention and/or national rules and regulations. The master shall issue written standing orders and special in structions as necessary. He shall consider the layout of the bridge when deciding on the necessary manning level for the bridge during different circumstances. He shall ensure that all members of the bridge teams are properly trained in manually steering the vessel. I. Read the text paying attention to the pronunciation of the fol lowing words: ultimate [4ltimit], efficient [I'ftj^nt], manoeuvring [ma'mKV^rirj], allow [o'lau], sufficient [sa'fij^nt], issue ['iju: ], circumstance [•saikamstaens]. 6 II. Check that you understand the text answering the following questions. 1. Who has the ultimate responsibility for the safe and efficient operation of the ship? 2. What equipment should each OOW be familiar with? 3. How shall the master inform the OOW when he assumes control of the vessel's operation? 4. In accordance with what papers are the bridge team members al­ lowed sufficient rest periods? 5. In what form must all standing orders and special instructions be issued? 6. What shall the master take into consideration when deciding on the necessary manning level for the bridge? 7. Why are all members of the bridge teams to be properly trained in manually steering the vessel? III. Look through the text and find English equivalents of the fol­ lowing word combinations: абсолютная ответственность; эффективная работа; достаточно хорошо знать; так же, как; маневренные возможности; взять/принять на себя единоличную ответственность; четко проинформировать; принять на себя управление; члены вах­ тенной команды на мостике; достаточное для отдыха; издавать письменные распоряжения; учитывать план (расположение) мостика; штатная численность личного состава; ручное управ­ ление. IV. Correct the false statements. Which of these statements are true according to the text? 1. The master has the overriding responsibility for the safe and effi­ cient operation of the ship. 2. He shall ensure that each officer of the watch knows the ship's navigational and safety equipment. 3. The master shall vaguely advise the OOW when he assumes con­ trol of the vessel's navigation. 7 4. The bridge team members are allowed sufficient rest periods in compliance with ISM Code and navigational rules. 5. The master shall issue oral standing orders and other instruc tions as necessary. 6. The necessary manning level for the bridge during different cir cumstances should be decided in consideration for the layout of the bridge. 7. The master should make sure that all members of the bridge team can steer the vessel manually. V. Fill the blanks with the proper words or word combinations from the text and translate the sentences. 1. The master has the for the safe and efficient operation of the ship. 2. He shall ensure that each officer of the watch is familiar with the ship's navigational and safety equipment to ... sole operational responsibility for a watch at sea. 3. The master should ensure that the are allowed sufficient rest periods according to interna tional and national rules and regulations. 4. The master shall issue written as necessary. 5. He shall consider the layout of the bridge when deciding on the necessary for the bridge in differ ent circumstances. VI. Be ready to speak on masters responsibility for watchkeeping. Unit II. The Officer of the Watch (OOW) The officer of the watch is the master's representative and his primary responsibility at all times is the safe navigation of the ship. The OOW shall comply at all times with the applicable regulations for preventing collisions at sea. He shall ensure that a good lookout is maintained at all times using all means available, including but not limited to, visual, audible and electronic. He shall always com ply with the master's written standing and special orders. The OOW shall ensure that the members of the bridge team are informed and updated on occurrences during the watch that are of significance to 8 the safe navigation of the vessel. He shall comply with vessel's Safety Management System (SMS). The officer of the watch shall once every watch check: — the manual steering at times when the autopilot is in use; — the gyro and magnetic compass errors and the synchronisa­ tion between the compass repeaters and the main gyro; — lights and signals; and — the operation of the GMDSS equipment. Whenever required he shall call for reinforcement of the watch. The OOW shall immediately call the master: — in accordance with the master's standing orders; — when visibility deteriorates below the limit stated in the mas­ ter's standing orders; — when in doubt regarding the intentions of other vessels; — if having the slightest doubt of the vessel's true position; — at the breakdown of the engines, steering gear or any essential navigational equipment; and — for any other reason causing doubt about the safe navigation of the vessel. Watchkeeping is teamwork and must be organised to meet the special requirement of the vessel and her trade. I Read the text paying attention to the pronunciation of the fol­ lowing words: primary ['рганпэп], applicable [э'рккэЫ], maintain [mein'tein], vis­ , ual [Vrjual], audible [ o:dib(Q)l], occurrence [a'k/vrans], significance [sig'mfiksns], autopilot ['oto^pailst], compass ['kAmpas], synchro­ 1 nisation [, sirjkranai zeij(s)n], gyro [' ёзаюгои], reinforcement [^Kin'fo-.sntent], deteriorate [di'tiariareit], doubt [daut], gear [дю]. II. Check that you understand the text answering the following questions. 1. What is the primary responsibility of the officer of the watch? 2. What should be used to ensure a good lookout? 3. When shall the OOW comply with the master's standing orders? 9 4. What should the members of the bridge team be informed and updated on during the watch? 5. What does SMS stand for? 6. When shall he check the manual steering? 7. In what cases is he to call for reinforcement of the watch? 8. According to what papers is he to call the master? 9. In what weather conditions should the master be called immedi­ ately? III. Look through the text and find English equivalents of the fol­ lowing words and word combinations: представитель капитана; основная обязанность; действовать со­ гласно соответствующим правилам; вести надлежащее наблю­ дение; все имеющиеся в наличии средства; звуковой; распоря­ жения; быть важным; система управления безопасности; по­ правки гиро- и магнитного компасов; оборудование ГМССБ; усиление вахты; гироскоп; ухудшаться (о видимости); ручное управление; имея малейшие сомнения; поломка двигателя; важное навигационное оборудование; соответствовать требова­ ниям; вызывать обеспокоенность. IV. Are the following statements true or false according to the text? Correct any false statements. 1. The officer of the watch is the master's assistant. 2. His primary responsibility is the safety of the ship. 3. The OOW shall ensure that a good lookout is kept using all avail­ able means. 4. He shall inform the bridge team members on any events during the watch which are of importance. 5. The OOW shall once every watch check the manual steering when the autopilot is not operational. 6. The watch must be reinforced when it is necessary. 7. The officer of the watch shall immediately call the master when visibility improves. 10 У. Match the words from the text in the left column with their synonyms in the right column. 1) available a) concerning 2) breakdown b) to correct 3) to comply with c) to delegate 4) to deteriorate d) directly 5) doubt e) essential 6) to ensure f) event 7) equipment g) failure 8) error h) gear 9) immediately i) to guarantee 10) occurrence j) at hand 11) primary k) inaccuracy 12) regarding 1) to perform 13) reinforcement m) support 14) representative n) uncertainty 15) to update o) to worsen VI. Replace the underlined words with the words from the text. 1. The officer of the watch shall perform at all the times the applica­ ble COLREGs. 2. The OOW must guarantee that a good lookout is kept at all times using all means at hand. 3. He shall ensure an every watch check of the gyro and magnetic compass inaccuracies. 4. The OOW shall call for support of the watch when he thinks it necessary. 5. The master must be directly called when visibility worsens below the limit stated in the master's standing orders. 6. The officer of the watch shall call the master at the failure of any gear. 11 VII. Give Russian equivalents of the following English words and word combinations front the text: master's representative; primary responsibility; to comply with the applicable regulations; to maintain a good lookout; all means avail able; audible; standing orders; to be of significance; Safety Manage ment System; gyro and magnetic compass errors; the GMDSS equip ment; reinforcement of the watch; whenever required; when visibil ity deteriorates; when in doubt; intentions of other vessels; having the slightest doubt; the breakdown of the engines; essential naviga tional equipment; to meet the requirements. VIII. Be ready to speak on the duties of the officer of the watch. Unit III. Lookout A good lookout shall be maintained at all times using all means available, including but not limited to visual, audible and electronic. The duties of the lookout shall be clearly communicated to the sea man assuming the watch. The lookout should be briefed about what to expect during the watch such as lights, changing visibility condi tions, traffic density, distracting light from shores etc. The lookout shall not be occupied with activities that may impede the lookout. In addition to maintaining a proper lookout for the purpose of fully appraising the situation and the risk of collision, stranding and other dangers to navigation, the duties of the lookout shall include the detection of ships or aircraft in distress, shipwrecked persons, wrecks and debris. In maintaining a lookout the following should be observed: a) the lookout must be able to give full attention to the keeping of a proper lookout and no other duties shall be undertaken or as signed which could interfere with that task; b) the duties of the lookout and helmsman are separate and the helmsman shall not be considered to be the lookout while steer ing, except in small ships where ammobstructed all-round view is provided at the steering position and there is no impairment of night vision or other impediment to the keeping of a proper 12 lookout. The officer in charge of the watch may be the sole look out in daylight provided that on each occasion: 1) the situation has been carefully assessed and it has been estab lished without doubt that it is safe to do so; 2) full account has been taken of all relevant factors including, but not limited to: — state of weather — visibility — traffic density — proximity of danger to navigation — the attention necessary when navigating in or near traffic separation schemes 3) assistance is immediately available to be summoned to the bridge when any change in the situation so requires. I Read the text paying attention to the pronunciation of the fol lowing words: impede [im'piid], purpose ['parpss], shipwrecked ['Jiprekt], debris ['debri:], interfere [^nta'fis], helmsman ['helmzman], separate [lsep(s)nt] except [ik'sept], impairment [im'pesmsnt], / impediment [im'pedim9nt],proximity [prok'simiti], scheme [ski:m], summon ['sAman] II. Check that you understand the text answering the following questions. 1. In what way shall a good lookout be maintained? 2. What should the seaman assuming the watch be advised of? 3. What activities must the lookout be not engaged in? 4. What are the lookout duties? 5. Are the duties of the lookout the same as the duties of the helmsman? What is the difference? 6. In what circumstances may the watchkeeping officer be the only lookout in daylight? 7. What factors should be taken into account by the officer on the watch? 13