Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo Series E: Applied Sciences -Vol. 187 Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation edited by Andrzej S. Nowak Department of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. April 30-May 2, 1990 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Bridge Evaluat,on. Repa,r. and Rehabilitat,on 11990 Balt,more. Md.) Bridge evaluation, repair, and rehabilitatlon proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Br,dge Evaluation. Repair. and Rehabilitat,on. Baltimore. Maryland. USA. Apr,l 3D-May 2. 1990 I edited by AndrzeJ S. Nowak. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series E. Applied sc,ences. no. 1871 "Published 'n cooperation with NATO Scientif,c Affairs Division." Includes index. ISBN 0-7923-0999-5 1. Bridges--Maintenance and repair--Congresses. 2. Bridges- -Evaluation--Congresses. I. Nowak. Andrzej S. II. Title. III. Series. TG315.N33 1990 624' .2--dc20 90-48022 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7469-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2153-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2153-5 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi WORKSHOP COMMITTEES xii LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xiii WORKSHOP PHOTOGRAPHS xviii I -MANAGEMENT J. J. Ahlskog: Bridge Management -the Answer to the Challenge. 3 N. H. Andersen: DANBRO -A Bridge Management System for Many Levels. 11 K. C. Sinha, M. Bowman, Y. Jiang, S. Murthy, M. Saito and A. Tee: Emerging Methodologies for Bridge Management Systems. 23 K. Go1abi and P. D. Thompson: A Network Optimization Systemfor Maintenance and Improvement of California's Bridges. 41 D. J. Thiele, M. K. Tadros and J. V. Benak: State of the Art for Control of Bridge Approach Settlement. 57 II -DIAGNOSTICS AND MONITORING A. S. Nowak: Diagnostic Procedures for Bridges. 73 R. Favre and 1. Markey: Long-Term Monitoring of Bridge Deformation. 85 N. J. Carino and M. Sansalone: Flaw Detection in Concrete Using the Impact- Echo Method. 101 R. Wolff and H. J. Miesseler: Applications with Optical Fiber Sensor Systems for Monitoring Pre stressed Concrete Structures. 119 M. S. Agbabian, S. F. Masri, M-L Traina and O. Waqfi: Detection of Structural Changes in a Bridge Model. 133 J. Chatelain, B. Godart and J. L. Duchene: Detection, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cracked Prestressed Concrete Bridges. 145 M. Biswas, A. K. Pandey and M. M. Samman: Modal Technology for Damage Detection of Bridges. 161 R. G. Flesch and K. Kembichler: A Dynamic Methodfor the Safety Inspection of Large Prestressed Bridges. 175 D. W. Prine and T. Hopwood: Improved Structural Monitoring with Acoustic Emission Pattern Recognition. 187 vi Ch. Pichot and P. Trouillet: Diagnosis of Reinforced Structures,' an Active Microwave Imaging System. 201 M. S. Saiidi, J. Shields and R. Johnson: Monitoring Prestress Forces in a Box Girder Bridge. 217 A. G. Davis and B.H.E. Hertlein: Assessment of Bridge Deck Repairs by a Non-Destructive Technique. 229 H. L. Chen, V. Venkatesh, H.V.S. GangaRao and J. E. Stephens: Dynamic Characterization of Posttensioned Rods in Stressed Timber Systems. 235 G. Grimaldi, R. Berissi, P. Brevet and A. Raharinaivo: Techniquesfor Assessing the Concrete (State) Condition in Bridges. 249 III- LOADS AND ANALYSIS G. Konig and P. Seifert: Fatigue Loading and Designfor Road Bridges. 261 M. Ghosn and F. Moses: Bridge Load Models and Truck Weight Regulations. 277 R. Eymard, F. Guerrier and B. Jacob: Dynamic Behavior of Bridges Under Full Traffic. 293 J. J. Trautner and D. M. Frangopol: Finite Element Modeling and Bridge Reliability Evaluation. 307 R. Bez and M. A. Hirt: Probability Based Load Models of Highway Traffic for ULS and SLS Analysis. 323 J. M. Kulicki, D. R. Mertz, R. E. Murphy, S. R. Eshenaur: Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracking of a Non-Composite Steel Girder-Floorbeam-Stringer Bridge. 339 G. Fanti, G. Gamberini and G. Mancini: Non Linear Interaction of Longitudinal and Transverse Load Effects in Concrete Box Girder Bridges. 349 IV - EVALUATION AND TESTS G. P. Tilly: Evaluation of Bridges -European Perspective. 367 B. Bakht and L. G. Jaeger: Utilization of Service Loads in Bridge Evaluation. 379 S. A. Olson, C. W. French and R. T. Leon: Prestressed Concrete Girders After 20 Years in Service. 391 J. R. Casas Rius and A. C. Aparicio: Dynamic Testing of Bridges Using Traffic-Induced Vibration. 405 F. W. Barton, T. T. Baber, R. D. Ramsey and W. T. McKeel: Measured Stresses in the Deck Segments of a Cable-Stayed Bridge. 421 T. Tassios and K. Aligizaki: Evaluation of an Old Prestressed Concrete Bridge. 435 J. L. Hulsey, D. K. Delaney, R. B. Bunch and R. W. Briggs: Instrumentation of a Cable Stayed Bridge at Skagway, Alaska. 445 T. T. Pietraszek: Full Scale Testing of Steel Railway Bridges. 463 S. H. Ahmad and S. A. Hamoush: Static Strength Tests of Steel Plate Strengthened Concrete Beams. 479 vii v -REPAIR AND REHABILITATION J. W. Fisher and C. R. Menzemer: Bridge Repair Methods -US/Canadian Practice. 495 J. L. Trinh: Structural Strengthening by External Prestressing. 513 F. W. Klaiber, K. F. Dunker and S. M. Planck: Strengthening of a Three-Span Continuous Bridge by Post-Tensioning. 525 M. Romagnolo, S. Ferrari and M. Grandi: Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures -Experimental System Installed on a Viaduct in Service on the IRI-ITALSTAT Network. 539 B. Farago: Rehabilitation of Steel Truss Bridges in Ontario. 555 J-P. Fuzier: Reinforcement of N9 Motorway Bridges Over the Lutrive Valley Near Lausanne -Switzerland. 567 M. R. Ehsani and H. Saadatmanesh: Fiber Composites for Bridge Rehabilitation. 579 J. G. Lutz: Rehabilitation of the Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge. 589 H. Dagher, W. Hamilton and S. Kulendran: Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks with Reduced Reinforcement. 603 VI -WORKING GROUP REPORTS 617 I. Bridge Management 619 II. Bridge Diagnostics 621 III. Bridge Evaluation 623 IV. Bridge Repair 625 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 627 INDEX OF AUTHORS 631 PREFACE Evaluation, repair and rehabilitation of bridges are increasingly important topics in the effort to deal with the deteriorating infrastructure. For example, in the United States about 40 percent of the nation's 570,000 bridges are classified, according to the Federal Highway Administra tion's (FHW A) criteria, as deficient and in need of rehabilitation and replacement. In other countries the situation is similar. FHWA estimates the cost of a bridge replacement and reha bilitation program at 50 billion dollars. The major factors that have contributed to the present situation are: the age, inadequate maintenance, increasing load spectra and environmental contamination. The deficient bridges are posted, repaired or replaced. The disposition of bridges involves clear economical and safety implications. To avoid high costs of replacement or repair, the evaluation must accurately reveal the present load carrying capacity of the struc ture and predict loads and any further changes in the capacity (deterioration) in the applicable time span. Accuracy of bridge evaluation can be improved by using the recent developments in bridge diagnostics, structural tests, material tests, structural analysis and probabilistic methods. There is a need for an international exchange of advanced experience to increase the research effi ciency. The Workshop is organized on the premise that the exchange of existing American and European experience in the area of bridge evaluation, repair and rehabilitation is beneficial for both parties involved. The objective of the Workshop was to review recent advances in the areas of materials, member behavior, loads, diagnostic procedures, structural analysis and probabilistic methods, in order to serve as a basis for the development of guidelines for bridge evaluation, repair and rehabilitation. -Bridge management systems (optimization models, decision-making strategy, BMS data set, bridge expert systems, strategic long range planning), -Analytical evaluation of bridges (loads, system identification methods, damage accumula tion models, time history models), -Diagnostic procedures (bridge tests, weigh-in-motion, performance monitors, nondestructive techniques, signal processing, integrated sensor systems, microwave, acoustic and optical techniques), -Materials and techniques for repair and rehabilitation of bridges (steel, reinforced and pre stressed concrete, masonry arches, timber, new materials). Accordingly the Workshop provided a review of the state of the art of the main topics as viewed on one hand in North America and, on the other hand, in Europe. The result is a more unified picture of the problems of bridge evaluation, repair and rehabilitation. The approach to bridge maintenance was presented by the representatives of bridge authori ties in the North America and Europe. A growing number of deficient structures in national inventories is combined with limited and insufficient funds. The repairs and replacements must ix x be prioritized. This work requires an efficient decision making process. A considerable effort is made to develop computer-based bridge management systems. A need was identified for dete rioration models and practical tools for field assessment of the degree of deterioration. Diagnostic procedures were reviewed, including optical techniques (fiber-optics), radar, microwave, acoustic, strain gages and others. Applications of some of these high-technology approaches were presented in technical papers. There is a need to focus attention on develop ment of efficient diagnostic procedures for evaluation of deterioration due to corrosion (steel, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete), fatigue (steel and concrete), monitoring live loads and long-term deformations. In the area of bridge evaluation there are some differences in North America and Europe. The controversial issues include quantification of bridges strength (Rating Factor in the USA, Reduction Factor in the UK) and redistribution of loads. The new generation of bridge evalua tion criteria is based on probabilistic methods and corresponds to the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) in the United States of limit states design (LSD) in Europe and Canada. Com puter aided design (CAD) technology requires a new approach to structural analysis. Tradi tional safety reserves are often reduced and there is a need for selection of a rational risk level. Bridge tests (static and dynamic) can be used as an efficient tool in the evaluation process. The test results can verify calculated parameters. Research needs were identified including inspec tion methods for the "inside" of a bridge, nonlinear methods of analysis, system reliability models, strength of cables with localized corrosion, evaluation of foundations. Bridge repair and rehabilitation methods were discussed. There is a need for extensive use of nondestructive test (NDT) methods. Repair methods depend on structural type, traffic volume, bridge location and other parameters. Case studies may serve as a good basis for the develop ment of efficient procedures. Important new developments are in the area of new materials and technologies. The issues discussed included external prestressing, treatment of concrete decks and repair of substructure. The papers are grouped in five major chapters on bridge management, diagnostics and moni toring, loads and analysis, evaluation and tests, repair and rehabilitation. Also included are the Working Group reports with lists of topics selected for further US-European cooperation. The papers were reviewed by members of the International Scientific Committee and other bridge engineering experts. Andrzej S. Nowak ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The US-European Workshop on Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation was held at the Inner Harbor Omni Hotel in Baltimore, Maryland, USA on April 30 -May 2, 1990. The Workshop was sponsored by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division with ARW Program Directors Craig Sinclair and O. A. Venturi. The support of the NATO Science Committee is gratefully acknowledged. The Workshop was Co-sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with ASCE Structures Congress Co-Chairs Ross B. Corotis and Bruce Ellingwood, and The University of Michigan. Thanks are due to Assistant Editors Sandra Pagnette-Kayser, Maciek A. Nowak, Dorota M. Nowak and Wojtek Nowak. Most of the papers were diligently retyped by Kathryn Helm which is gratefully acknowledged. xi