BRICKWORK 1 AND ASSOCIATED STUDIES Related volumes Brickwork 2 and Associated Studies } Harold Bailey and David Hancock Brickwork 3 and Associated Studies Other title of interest The Skills of Plastering, Mel Baker BRICKWORK 1 AND ASSOCIATED STUDIES Harold Bailey Sometime Senior Lecturer Stockport College of Technology David Hancock Senior Lecturer Stockport College of Technology Second Edition M MACMILLAN © H. Bailey and D. W. Hancock 1979, 1990 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1 E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act In relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1979 Reprinted 1986, 1987, 1988 Second edition 1990 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives th roughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bailey, Harold Brickwork and associated studies.-2nd ed Vol. 1 1. Brickwork - Manuals I. Title II. Hancock, David W. 693'.21 ISBN 978-0-333-51955-4 ISBN 978-1-349-11377-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11377-4 CONTENTS Preface vii Building Regulations 64 Damaging Forces 65 Types of Concrete Foundation 65 Foreword: Safety in Building viii The Newton 71 Loads on Foundations 71 Design of Concrete Foundations 72 1. Tools Required by the Journeyman Bricklayer 1 Pressure Zones 73 Reinforcement of Concrete Foundations 74 2. Measurement, Setting Out and Levelling 9 6. Bricks 76 The SI System 10 Site Preliminaries 10 Definition 76 Vertical Setting Out 18 Requirements 76 Levelling 19 Classification 77 Horizontal Setting Out 23 Manufacture and Testing 78 Setting Out on Sloping Sites 27 Setting Out Projections 34 Setting Out Angles 36 7. Mortars 87 Materials 87 3. Excavating and Timbering 39 Requirements for Mortar 89 Working Characteristics 89 Trenches 39 Pre-bagged Dry Mixes 90 Small Basements 44 'Bulking' of Excavated Material 47 8. Substructures 92 4. Concrete 50 Walling up to Damp-proof Course Level 92 Sleeper Walls 96 General Production 50 Dry Rot 100 Types of Concrete 50 Damp-proof Courses 100 Properties of Concrete 51 Waterproofing Basements 106 Materials for Concrete 51 Method of Constructing a New Basement 106 Concrete Production 59 Water Pressure on Basements 112 Testing of Concrete 62 Multiple Choice Questions 114 5. Foundations for Walls and Piers 64 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 117 Natural Foundation 64 Purpose of Foundations 64 Index 118 PREFACE This series of three volumes is designed to provide an introduction to the brickwork craft and the constructioo industry for craft apprentices and all students involved in building. All too often, new entrants to the construction industry are expected to have a knowledge of calculations, geometry, science and technology irrespective of their previous education. It is the authors' aim to provide a course of study which is not only easily understood but is also able to show the relationship that exists between technology and associated studies. The construction industry recognises that the modern craftsman, while maintaining a very high standard of skills, must be capable of accepting change - in methods, techniques and materials. Therefore it will be necessary for apprentices to develop new skills related to the constant advancements in technology. The first volume deals with all work within the sub-structure of a building and the operations in which the bricklayer is involved. It will be appreciated that a knowledge of all related work is necessary if a successful start is to be made in this important area of construction. The incentive at the beginning of an apprentice's career should be comparable to the craftsman's at the start of a building project - to reach a successful completion. HAROLD BAILEY DAVID HANCOCK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of J. & A. Jackson (Brick Manufacturers) Ltd. vii FOREWORD: SAFETY IN BUILDING There were almost 20,000 reportable injuries (those Injuries involving more than three days' absence from work) in the Building I ndustry between April 1987 and 1988, including over 150 deaths. The authors appreciate this opportunity to bring these appalling figures to the immediate attention of apprentice bricklayers, and at the same time to remind them of their responsibilities, as well as those of their employers. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 became effective in 1982. This Act made further provision to the existing Construct/on Regulations for ensuring the health, safety and welfare of persons at work, and may be briefly summarised as follows: An employer must ensure as for as practicable 1. The health, safety and welfare of his employees while at work. 2. The provision, and maintenance, of safe plant and systems of work. 3. Information, instruction, training and supervision as necessary. 4. A safe place of work. While ilt work an employee must 1. Take reasonable care of the health and safety of himself and all other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions. 2. Co-operate fully with management in all health and safety matters. 3. Not interfere with, or misuse anything provided in the interests of health and safety. viii TOOLS REQUIRED BY THE JOURNEYMAN BRICKLAYER The journeyman bricklayer may be employed by a The Brick Trowel large national building company, a medium-sized firm or possibly a small employer requiring only one This tool is used for picking up and spreading mortar, craftsman. The work of the bricklayer will obviously and can also be used for obtaining a 'rough cut' when vary according to the type of work undertaken by using soft or common bricks. The brick trowel can be his employer. It is therefore necessary for the brick obtained for a left or right-handed person, since when layer to possess a sound working knowledge of selecting the trowel it is essential to pick the type of trowel to suit the hand that will use it. Balance and (1) new work lift too are important factors as are the size and (2) alterations and extensions width, which may vary from 225 mm to 350 mm in (3) maintenance and repair. length, and from 112 mm to 138 mm in width. The To be capable of exercising his skills on each of these brick trowel is also used for striking the mortar joints. types of work, the craftsman should possess the Special, lightweight trowels are available for high-class necessary tools for the situation. work, but this type of trowel does not possess a The Working Rule Agreement, published by the cutting edge. National Joint Council for the Building Industry, lists a set of 20 tools which a bricklayer may be expected The Jobbing Trowel to provide in order to qualify for the weekly 'tool allowance', which at the time of writing is 72 pence/ This is a hand trowel, the blade being approximately week. The list is as follows: 150 mm in length, usually a brick trowel which has 1 brick trowel 1 square been worn or cut down to a reduced size and is 2 pointing trowels 1 bevel round nosed. It is extremely useful because of its re 1 lump hammer 1 pair of dividers duced length, is able to pick up a reasonable amount 1 bolster 1 rule of mortar, and is greatly appreciated when working in 1 brick hammer 1 boat level confined positions such as fireplace fixing, drain 1 scutch 1 hawk laying and other situations which prevent the brick 3 cold chisels 1 pair of lin'e pins trowel from being used (figure 1.1). 1 point and line 1 plumb level 1 carborundum stone The Brick Hammer These and other common handtools are illustrated and explained below. There are two types: the modern brick hammer has a 'London' (narrow) broad trowel jobbing trowel brick trowel Figure 1.1 Types of trowel 1 2 Brickwork 1 and Associated Studies shorter, broader blade, the head being larger and Note The head of the bolster should not be allowed heavier. While it is very good for cutting bricks, the to become 'mushroomed' from excessive wear. This shortened head length does not allow for plumbing condition is dangerous to the hands and the head while retaining the plumb level in its position. The should be kept as shown in figure 1.2 by grinding as long-headed type of brick hammer has both a longer and when necessary on an abrasive wheel. blade and an increased length of hammer. Since the blade is narrower it is not as effective for ~utting but the longer length of head allows the hammer to reach The Brick Scutch or Comb Hammer positions which would not be possible using the modern, short type of hammer. This tool has slots cut in the end of the blades, into which combs or plain blades can be fitted. These can The Lump or Club Hammer be removed and discarded, and replaced when worn out. The scutch is used when a rough-cut brick is The weight of this hammer varies between 1 and 2 kg, required to be accurately dressed. the lighter of the two being the most popular. The head of the hammer is flat and is also chamfered in order to reduce damage to the hands from careless Raking-out Pick blows. It is used in conjunction with all types of chisels. This tool is shaped like a miniature pick, both ends being pointed and the head fixed to an ash handle. The Bolster or Boaster Chisel Its function is to 'pick out' or rake out mortar joints before pointing operations (figure 1.3). In some areas this chisel is also known as a blocking chisel. It is made of cold steel, with a 112 mm blade, T and the overall length is 220 mm. It is used for accurate brick cutting and it is important that this Figure 1.3 tool is retained only for this purpose since if used for other work the blade can become distorted. modern brick hammer long-headed brick hammer brick scutch lump or club hammer bolster or boaster Figure 1.2 Types of hammer