M. D. ANDERSON CANCER CARE S E R I E S Series Editors Aman U. Buzdar, MD Ralph S. Freedman, MD, PhD M. D. ANDERSON CANCER CARE SERIES Series Editors: Aman U. Buzdar, MD Ralph S. Freedman, MD, PhD K. K. Hunt, G. L. Robb, E. A. Strom, and N. T. Ueno, Eds., Breast Cancer F. V. Fossella, R. Komaki, and J. B. Putnam, Jr., Eds., Lung Cancer J. A. Ajani, S. A. Curley, N. A. Janjan, and P. M. Lynch, Eds., Gastrointestinal Cancer K. W. Chan and R. B. Raney, Jr., Eds., Pediatric Oncology P. J. Eifel, D. M. Gershenson, J. J. Kavanagh, and E. G. Silva, Eds., Gynecologic Cancer F. DeMonte, M. R. Gilbert, A. Mahajan, and I. E. McCutcheon, Eds., Tumors of the Brain and Spine Kelly K. Hunt, MD, Geoffrey L. Robb, MD, Eric A. Strom, MD, and Naoto T. Ueno, MD, PhD Editors The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Breast Cancer 2nd edition Foreword by John Mendelsohn, MD Kelly K. Hunt, MD Geoffrey L. Robb, MD Department of Surgical Oncology Department of Plastic Surgery The University of Texas The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA Eric A. Strom, MD Naoto T. Ueno, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Department of Stem Cell Transplantation The University of Texas and Cellular Therapy M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Breast Medical Oncology Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA Series Editors: Aman U. Buzdar, MD Ralph S. Freedman, MD, PhD Department of Breast Medical Oncology Department of Gynecologic Oncology The University of Texas The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA BREAST CANCER, 2ND EDITION ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34950-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34952-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931043 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identifi ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com F OREWORD This second edition of Breast Cancer continues the tradition of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Care Series. The book is oriented towards the needs of clinicians who manage breast cancer at every stage of the disease. Chap- ters are written by experts with a strong knowledge of research findings who also are active in the clinic and understand the practical needs of the patient and her physician. Multidisciplinary care is a popular term today, but such care has been practiced at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for decades. The physicians who assembled this book are experienced practitioners of multidiscipli- nary care. The authors of each chapter carry out their clinical activities at our Nellie B. Connally Breast Center, where they collaborate in providing complete patient care services at a single site. The chapters start, logically, with prevention of breast cancer and per- sonalized risk assessment, including genetics. These topics are followed by chapters on early detection, with emphasis on a variety of sophisti- cated imaging techniques and sampling of tissue. The various surgical options, including reconstruction, are thoroughly presented. Before medi- cal oncology is introduced there are chapters dealing with the growing use of markers to predict prognosis and to select hormonal or chemother- apy treatments that are likely to succeed. The book concludes with issues related to survivorship, including re-entering social and job-related activi- ties and dealing with questions related to sexuality and reproduction. I recommend this book to anyone seeking to apply the science and art of medicine to patients with breast cancer and to women who wish to prevent the disease or have survived it. Readers will become up to date on recent discoveries in, for example, human cancer genetics, expression arrays, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography, as well as current approaches to managing the mental and social challenges with which breast cancer patients must deal. Clinicians who read this book will become more skillful health care providers, which is the aim of each of the volumes in the M. D. Anderson Cancer Care Series. John Mendelsohn, MD President The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center P REFACE This second edition of Breast Cancer marks a milestone in the M. D. Anderson Cancer Care Series, which now includes seven volumes. This second edition also serves as a reminder to us of the dramatic progress that is being made in molecular diagnostics and therapies for breast cancer. A number of newer therapies have become available since the first edition of this book was published in 2001 and are discussed in this new edition. The preoperative systemic therapy approach long practiced at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center is now being adapted to allow rapid evaluation of newer therapies with small numbers of patients. To reflect advances in the pathologic characterization of breast cancer, the first edition chapter “Serum and Tissue Markers for Breast Cancer” has been replaced by two chapters: “Serum Tumor Markers and Circulating Tumor Cells” and “Histopathologic and Molecular Markers of Prognosis and Response to Therapy.” All the original chapters have been revised to include impor- tant new information. For example, this edition includes new data on tamoxifen and raloxifene in breast cancer prevention, MRI screening in breast cancer, and the integration of bevacizumab and trastuzumab into current therapy—topics that highlight developments in preven- tion, screening, and therapeutics, respectively. A number of new tables and figures have been added as well. The success of this series in providing a resource to clinicians in the community and elsewhere is a tribute to its many contributors and also to M. D. Anderson’s Department of Scientific Publications, where the series has been carefully nurtured by Walter Pagel and many scientific editors. Aman U. Buzdar, MD Ralph S. Freedman,MD, PhD C ONTENTS Foreword v John Mendelsohn Preface vii Contributors xiii Chapter 1 Multidisciplinary Care of Breast Cancer Patients: Overview and Implementation 1 Eric A. Strom, Aman U. Buzdar, and Kelly K. Hunt Chapter 2 Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer, Screening for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, and Diagnostic Evaluation of Clinical and Mammographic Breast Abnormalities 27 Therese B. Bevers Chapter 3 Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer and Genetic Counseling and Testing 57 Kaylene J. Ready and Banu K. Arun Chapter 4 Mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast, and Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast 83 Gary J. Whitman and Anne C. Kushwaha Chapter 5 Breast Sonography 121 Bruno D. Fornage and Beth S. Edeiken-Monroe x Contents Chapter 6 Image-Guided Biopsies of the Breast: Technical Considerations, Diagnostic Challenges, and Postbiopsy Clinical Management 163 Nour Sneige Chapter 7 Surgical Options for Breast Cancer 197 Kelly K. Hunt and Funda Meric-Bernstam Chapter 8 Breast Reconstruction 235 Pierre M. Chevray and Geoffrey L. Robb Chapter 9 Radiation Therapy for Early and Advanced Breast Cancer 271 Welela Tereffe and Eric A. Strom Chapter 10 Serum Tumor Markers and Circulating Tumor Cells 309 Francisco J. Esteva, Herbert A. Fritsche, Jr., James M. Reuben, and Massimo Cristofanilli Chapter 11 Histopathologic and Molecular Markers of Prognosis and Response to Therapy 323 Lajos Pusztai and W. Fraser Symmans Chapter 12 Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer 345 Marjorie C. Green and Gabriel N. Hortobagyi Chapter 13 Stem Cell Transplantation for Metastatic and High-Risk Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer: A Novel Treatment Approach 387 Naoto T. Ueno, Michael Andreeff, and Richard E. Champlin Chapter 14 Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer 411 Mary C. Pinder and Aman U. Buzdar Contents xi Chapter 15 Gynecologic Problems in Patients with Breast Cancer 435 Elizabeth R. Keeler, Pedro T. Ramirez, and Ralph S. Freedman Chapter 16 Special Clinical Situations in Patients with Breast Cancer 461 Karin M. E. Hahn and Richard L. Theriault Chapter 17 Rehabilitation of Patients with Breast Cancer 485 Ying Guo and Anne N. Truong Chapter 18 Menopausal Health after Breast Cancer 505 Gilbert G. Fareau and Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin Chapter 19 Sexuality and Breast Cancer Survivorship 525 Karin M. E. Hahn Index 535