Bovine Reproduction “Let our cattle bear, without mishap and without loss” Psalms 144:14, New American Standard Bible Bovine Reproduction Second Edition Edited by Richard M. Hopper, DVM, Diplomat ACT Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA This edition first published 2021 © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Richard M. Hopper to be identified as the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Title: Bovine reproduction / [edited by] Richard M. Hopper. Description: 2nd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020054589 (print) | LCCN 2020054590 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119602361 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119602453 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119602460 (epub) Subjects: MESH: Cattle–physiology | Reproduction | Reproductive Medicine–methods | Reproductive Techniques–veterinary | Pregnancy Complications–veterinary Classification: LCC SF768.2.C3 (print) | LCC SF768.2.C3 (ebook) | NLM SF 768.2.C3 | DDC 636.2/1–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020054589 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020054590 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © Richard M. Hopper; © Colin Palmer Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Donna – a wonderful and patient wife who, while not completely sharing my love for cows, nevertheless became skilled at watching expectant heifers from the kitchen window with binoculars and herding escaped yearling bulls from the front yard. vii Contents List of Contributors xiii Preface and Acknowledgments to the Second Edition xxiii Preface and Acknowledgments to the First Edition xxiv About the Companion Website xxv Section I: The Bull 1 Anatomy and Physiology 3 1 Anatomy of the Reproductive System of the Bull 5 Ben Nabors 2 Endocrine and Exocrine Function of the Bovine Testes 11 Peter L. Ryan and Federico G. Hoffmann 3 Spermatogenesis 32 Muhammad Salman Waqas 4 Thermoregulation of the Testes 40 John P. Kastelic and Guilherme Rizzoto 5 Endocrine Control of Testicular Development and Initiation of Spermatogenesis in Bulls 47 Leonardo F.C. Brito 6 Sexual Development and Puberty in Bulls 58 Leonardo F.C. Brito Breeding and Health Management 79 7 Breeding Soundness Evaluation: Comparative Review of Different Standards 81 Scott T. Norman 8 Evaluation of Breeding Soundness: The Physical Examination 98 Mike Thompson and James Alexander 9 Evaluation of Breeding Soundness: The Spermiogram 102 Colin W. Palmer 10 Ultrasound Examination of the Reproductive Tract 120 Harry Momont, Mary Keeler, and Michael Nicholson viii Contents 11 Management of Breeding Bull Batteries 130 E. Heath King 12 Management of Bulls at Custom Collection Studs 137 Gary Warner 13 Testicular Degeneration 144 Albert Barth and John P. Kastelic 14 Vesicular Adenitis 151 Mike Thompson 15 Inability to Breed Due to Injury or Abnormality of the External Genitalia of Bulls 155 Herris Maxwell 16 Management of Lameness in Breeding Bulls 173 Gary Warner and Jacob Warner Reproductive Surgery 191 17 Regional Anesthesia for Urogenital Procedures 193 Darcie R. Sidelinger 18 Surgery of the Scrotum and its Contents 200 E. Heath King 19 Restorative Surgery of the Prepuce and Penis 210 Richard M. Hopper and Dwight F. Wolfe 20 Management of Urolithiasis 230 Gretchen Grissett 21 Preparation of Teaser Bulls 242 Gretchen Grissett Section II: The Cow 249 Anatomy and Physiology 251 22 Anatomy of the Reproductive System of the Cow 253 Ben Nabors 23 Initiation of Puberty in Heifers 258 Charles T. Estill 24 Neuroendocrine Control of Estrus and Ovulation 269 Gary L. Williams and Rodolfo C. Cardoso 25 Ovarian Follicular and Luteal Dynamics in Cattle 292 Gregg P. Adams and Jaswant Singh 26 Maternal Recognition and Physiology of Pregnancy 324 Caleb O. Lemley, Leticia E. Camacho, and Kimberly A. Vonnahme 27 Fetal Programming 339 Caleb O. Lemley, Brittni P. Littlejohn, and Derris D. Burnett Contents ix Breeding and Health Management 347 28 Biosecurity for Beef and Dairy Herds 349 Carla L. Huston 29 Beef Heifer Development 359 Megan S. Hindman and Terry J. Engelken 30 Dairy Heifer Development from Weaning to Calving 366 Ricardo M. Stockler 31 Nutrition and Reproduction in the Beef Cow 372 KC Olson, Eric Bailey, Zachary Duncan, and William Swecker 32 Interaction of Nutrition and Reproduction in the Dairy Cow 389 Butch Cargile and Dan Tracy 33 Cystic Ovarian Follicles 399 Jack D. Smith 34 Postpartum Anestrus and Its Management in Dairy Cattle 408 Divakar J. Ambrose 35 Estrus Detection 431 Roberto A. Palomares 36 Artificial Insemination 447 Ram Kasimanickam 37 Pharmacological Intervention of Estrous Cycles 458 Ram Kasimanickam 38 Examination for Pregnancy: Rectal Palpation 471 David Christiansen 39 Examination for Pregnancy: Biochemical Tests 479 Amanda Cain Dempsey 40 Ultrasound Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract 486 Jill Colloton 41 Beef Herd Health for Optimal Reproduction 509 Terry J. Engelken and Tyler M. Dohlman 42 Dairy Herd Health for Optimal Reproduction 517 Joseph J. Klopfenstein 43 Herd Diagnostic Testing Strategies 526 Robert L. Larson 44 Breeding Season Evaluation of Beef Herds 532 Terry J. Engelken x Contents 45 Dairy Herd Record Analysis 538 Robert Lynch 46 Marketing the Bovine Reproductive Practice: Devising a Plan or Tolerating a System 554 John L. Myers Obstetrics and Reproductive Surgery 561 47 Management of Vaginal, Cervico-Vaginal, and Uterine Prolapse 563 Augustine T. Peter and E. Heath King 48 Induction of Parturition and Abortion 579 Jennifer H. Koziol 49 Management to Prevent Dystocia 590 Yatta Linhares Boakari and Hossam El-Sheikh Ali 50 Dystocia and Accidents of Gestation 597 Herris Maxwell 51 Obstetrics: Mutation, Forced Extraction, and Fetotomy 608 Kevin Walters 52 Obstetrics: Cesarean Section 619 Cathleen Mochal-King 53 Retained Fetal Membranes 629 Augustine T. Peter 54 Postpartum Uterine Infection 639 Dinesh Dadarwal and Colin Palmer 55 Surgery to Restore Fertility 655 Richard M. Hopper Pregnancy Wastage 665 56 Fetal Disease and Abortion: Diagnosis and Causes 667 Wes Baumgartner 57 Infectious Agents: Campylobacter 717 Jessica B. Rush and Misty A. Edmondson 58 Infectious Agents: Tritrichomonas 725 Katelyn Waters and Julie Gard 59 Infectious Agents: Leptospirosis 733 W. Isaac Jumper 60 Infectious Agents: Brucellosis 742 Valerie E. Ragan