This text was originally written by Italian anarchist communist Luigi Fabbri either before or during the First World War. In it he addresses problems he sees as stemming from the stereotyping of anarchism in bourgeois literature and media and the unfortunate feedback effect this was having on some militants practice of anarchism and language. Long a popular pamphlet, the absence of an online version in English has been a lack until now. This English translation is the work of Chaz Bufe who has (cid:77) kindly given permission for its use Bourgeois l a za a B b o a o Influences on Z k s (cid:77) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:77) Anarchism “K e!“ n e o r wl F edgeisthe Key to be Luigi Fabbri (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 36 Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Luigi Fabbri Anarkismo.net (cid:77) (cid:77) Zabalaza Books “Knowledge is the Key to be Free!“ Post: Postnet Suite 47, Private Bag X1, Fordsburg, South Africa, 2033 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.zabalaza.net (cid:77) Luigi Fabbri Page 35 Translation copyright ©1987, 2001 by Chaz Bufe. All rights reserved. This copyright notice is primarily for the benefit of commercial publishers. We will gladly give reprint permission to not-for-profit antiauthoritari- an publishers and web sites. For information contact See Sharp Press, P.O. Box 1731, Tucson, Arizona 85702-173l. Web site: www.seesharppress.com (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 34 Biographical Note Luigi Fabbri was born in Italy on December 23,1877. He became an anarchist at the age of 17 and two years later met his lifetime friend and comrade Errico Malatesta. They carried on militant revolutionary activities in Italy for which they were persecuted, jailed many times, and forced to (cid:77) leave Italy. Violent Literature and Anarchism Fabbri’s writings are voluminous. In addition to editing periodicals, he wrote leaflets, pamphlets, and several books, including Malatesta: His Life In order to avoid misunderstandings, we first need to clarify our terms. and Thought, Dictatorship and Revolution and Marxism and Anarchism. There is no theory of “violent anarchism.” Anarchism is a combination of Persecution by Mussolini’s government caused him to flee to France and social doctrines which have as a common basis the elimination of coer- Belgium, but he was forced to leave these countries after Mussolini pres- cive, human-over-human authority; and the majority of its partisans repu- sured their governments. In the late 1920s he settled in Montevideo, diate all forms of violence and consider it legitimate only as a form of self- Uruguay, where he remained until his death on July 24,1935. defense. But, as there is no precise line separating defense and offense, Luigi Fabbri was not merely a disciple of Malatesta, but was himself an and as the concept of defense can be understood in very diverse ways, outstanding and original anarchist theoretician. there appear from time to time violent acts, committed by anarchists as a form of individual rebellion, directed against the lives of heads of state and Sam Dolgoff the representatives of the ruling class. We’ll classify these manifestations of individual violence as “violent anarchism,” and this solely for the sake of convenience, not because the name reflects the reality. In fact, all political movements, with no excep- Translator’s Note tions, have had periods in which violent acts of rebellion were committed in their names-generally when these movements found themselves at a Luigi Fabbri wrote Bourgeois Influences on Anarchismeither immediate- point of extreme opposition to the dominant political or social institutions. ly prior to or during World War I in Italy. The earliest edition of this work, At present, the movement which finds itself, or appears to find itself, in the however, appeared in Spain in 1917 as Influencias burguesas sobre el forefront and in absolute opposition to the dominant institutions is anar- anarquismo. I do not know whether Fabbri wrote it in Italian or Spanish, chism; it’s logical then that manifestations of violence against these dom- though I suspect Italian, as there exist at least three slightly varying inant institutions assume the name and certain ‘special characteristics of Spanish-language versions. Since its original appearance, Influencias anarchism. Burguesas has been reprinted many times in Spanish-speaking countries. Having said this, I want to make brief note of something which appears This edition is a translation of the 1980 Ediciones Antorcha version. To to have gone unnoticed: the influence of literature upon manifestations of the best of my knowledge, this is the first English-language translation of violent rebellion, and the influence it receives from such acts. Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism. Naturally, I’ll leave to one side classic literature, though you’ll certainly find justification for political crimes in Cicero, the bible, Shakespeare, Chaz Bufe Alfieri, and in all the historical works passed from hand to hand in youth. In the stories of Judith in the bible, and Brutus in ancient history, even with Orsini and Agesilao Milano in modem history, one finds a whole series of political crimes for which historians and poets have made at times unjus- tified apologies. (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 4 Luigi Fabbri Page 33 But I don’t want to speak of these crimes, because to do so would carry fratricidal polemics, and let us work toward something else, no matter how me too far afield, because it would not be difficult to see in them the play little it may be, instead of wasting time flapping our jaws. of diverse circumstances which give them diverse characteristics. I only wish to refer to that literature which has a direct and open relation to the Luigi Fabbri type of political act presently characterized as “anarchist.” Since 1880, acts of “violent anarchism” have continually occurred, with [Some names have been edited by Anarkismo.net.] the largest number coming in the period 1891-1894, especially in France, Spain, and Italy, I don’t know if anyone has noticed, but in precisely this period there flourished, especially in France, sensationalist literature which didn’t shrink from glorifying to seventh heaven every violent “anar- chist” act, including even the least understandable ,and justifiable; and its language was truly an instigation to propaganda by the deed. The writers who dedicated themselves to this type of violent literary sport were almost all completely outside of the anarchist movement; writ- ers were extremely rare in whom literary and artistic advocacy coincided with a true and natural theoretical persuasion, to a conscious acceptance of anarchist doctrines. Almost all of them worked in their private and pub- lic lives in complete contradiction to the terrible things and ideas they advocated in articles, in novels, in stories, or in poems. It happens with great frequency that one finds very violent “anarchist” declarations in the works of writers who are widely known to belong to parties diametrically opposed to anarchism. Even among those who for a moment appeared to have seriously embraced anarchist ideas, only one or two later maintained that intellectual direction. (The only ones l can recall are Mirbeau and Eekhoud.) The others, after only two or three years, came to support ideas totally contrary to those which they had earlier promoted with such viru- lence. Ravachol, who even among anarchists is the type of violent rebel who receives the least sympathy, found numerous apologists among the literati, from Mirbeau to Paul Adam, in later years a militaristic mystic, who spoke of the terrible dynamiter in the most paradoxical way possible: “At last,” to paraphrase Paul Adam, “in these times of skepticism and base- ness a saint has been born to us.” But he wasn’t a saint like the “saint of Fogazzaro” for whom today Paul Adam might be inclined to write an apol- ogy. The most curious thing is that the literary types had a propensity to most approve those acts of rebellion which anarchist militants least approved of because of their extremely obvious antisocial character. Who doesn’t remember the inhuman expression, esthetically pleasing though it may have been, of Laurent Tailhade (who later became a mili- taristic nationalist) at a banquet given by “La Plume”, the notable Parisian (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 32 Luigi Fabbri Page 5 before ending of that which is directed not against persons, but against intellectual periodical, during the epidemic of dynamite explosions in ideas, and which we can term “rhetorical violence.” 1893? At that banquet for poets and writers, Tailhade, in reference to When we engage in propaganda, we have the custom, in order to cause bombing attacks, spouted the well known phrase; “What matter the vic- the greatest impression, of speaking and writing in figurative manner, tims if the gesture is beautiful?” Needless to say, anarchist militants dis- through means of contrast, hyperbole, simile. It’s a natural method and approved of this esthetic theory of violence in the name of their philoso- one to which we must recur when we’re directing ourselves to persons phy and movement; but the phrase was spoken and had its effect. who are uncultivated or of simple spirit, and as such very impressionable, The nationalist Maurice Barrès, who had written a markedly individualist and in whom we can inculcate our ideas more. vividly and deep-seatedly novel, L’Ennemi des lois [“The Enemy of the Law”], which anarchists cir- through imagery rather than through cold and mathematical reasoning. culated as propaganda, wrote an article shortly after the decapitation of But this utility has a danger. While we all have a natural tendency to Émile Henry (whose act was severely judged by Élisée Reclus) filled with exaggerate arguments and images when writing or speaking about things admiration and enthusiasm. I don’t dare to reproduce even a small frag- which excite us, that same exaggeration at times neutralizes the effect of ment of it because in Italy certain things can’t be said, even under the our words. Let’s be clear. It appears to me that we anarchists shouldn’t auspices of literary documentation; but whoever wants to satisfy his make too many distinctions: governments that are monarchic, theocratic, curiosity can read the “Journal” of Paris, May 28, 1894 and come away socialist, republican, are for us almost equal and we ought to combat them fully enlightened on the matter. all. But if we make distinctions, we shouldn’t make them in favor of the In regard to Vaillant, who was an anarchist who threw a bomb in the worst forms of government. French parliament, we can’t forget what was written the day after his exe- Because of this one can’t say that the secular lie is worse than the reli- cution by François Coppée, the celebrated nationalist poet, an ally and gious lie. The religious lie is always the most potent and venomous of all, candidate of the clerics: “After having read the details of the decapitation in a manner vastly more damaging than that of the secular lie, which, not of Vaillant, I have remained pensive ... Despite myself, another spectacle because of intrinsic merit, but because of its inherent weakness, is less has surged brusquely before my spirit. I’ve seen a group of men and venomous. Let me explain: If you suffer from a toothache; you certainly women pressing one against another in the middle of a circus, under the would not seriously contend that it’s worse than an attack of apoplexy. It’s gaze of the multitude, while from all sides of the immense amphitheater definitely not good to suffer from either of these things, but if some dis- roared the fearful cry: ‘To the lions!’; and near the group the lion keepers tinction need be made, frankly, we’d prefer the toothache. Wouldn’t you open the cage of the beasts. Oh! Pardon me sublime christians of the era agree? of persecution, you who died to affirm our sweet faith of sacrifice and Here is what Malato says in regard to the Russian Revolution, arguing goodness, pardon me that I bring your memory before the melancholy with certain comrades who maintain, because of love of hyperbole, that men of our times! ... but in the eyes of the anarchist walking to the guil- things are worse in France than in Russia. This is an exaggeration which lotine shined, oh pain!, the same flame of intrepid madness which illumi- carries as consequences disinterest in the Russian movement and absten- nated your eyes!” tion from the protest carried on by intellectuals and workers in Paris in Something similar would be said later in regard to assassins by the cel- favor of the Russian revolutionaries. [These lines were written before the ebrated psychologist and literatus Henri Leyret in the book En plein Bolsheviks seized control of and betrayed the Russian Revolution.] What faubourg [“On the Outskirts”]. Not much later Leyret gathered in a vol- should be said is that if the French government is more liberal than that in ume and presented to the public the sentences of the “good judge” Russia it’s not by its own merit, but because the French people knew how Magnaud. I could go much further in reproducing enthusiastic defenses of to make a revolution, a Commune, and consequently, have known how to and apologies for anarchist violence by writers such as Edward Conte, resist reactionary violence. What should be said is: We desire that the Séverine, [Lucien] Descaves, [Victor] Barrucand, etc. Russian people will know what to do better than the French people, and At the end of 1897 the drama Les Mauvais bergers [“The Bad will do it better... Shepherds”], by Octave Mirbeau, in which the most violent and revolu- Let us then leave to one side useless exaggerations, useless abuse and tionary rhetoric flowed in rivers, was produced in Paris. It was received (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 6 Luigi Fabbri Page 31 with great enthusiasm by the intellectuals of that city. As on the eve of how much ridicule we use at times in order to tumble an adversary! These the taking of the Bastille, when the sycophant poets and the queen her- weapons are used especially when we know we’re not right, when our self, the literati and all the intelligent spirits of the aristocracy and nobili- consciences tell us that we’re attacking someone who doesn’t merit it and ty enthused over the brilliant paradoxes of the Encyclopedists, and the instead deserves our praise. Then, in order to appear superior, the prop- fashionable ladies voluntarily lent themselves to reciting the biting satire aganda becomes doubly damaging, because not only do we not convince of Beaumarchais and delighted in the anarchistic fantasies of Rabelais, so the person we attack, but we also disgust those who hold him or her in the bourgeois intellectuals of our day delight in immersing themselves in esteem. poetry and in exaggerating the explosions of anger which at times spring Another grave defect in polemicizing against or criticizing someone is from the profound mysteries of human suffering. the a priori presumption of bad faith. Naturally, when we deal with some- Émile Zola himself, after having entered the fray with a warning shot, his one who does work treacherously, we shouldn’t be afraid to say so. But Germinal, a gloomy novel of destruction, glorified anarchists in Paris, and to treat someone as dealing in bad faith, it’s necessary to present proof even poeticized the figure of Salvat, the dynamiter, in whose character it’s evident to anyone. It will be enough to present such proof to decorously easy to recognize - painted as even more violent than he actually was - put an end to a polemic. And if the proof is not self-evident and there is Vaillant. Read Melée Sociale, by Clemenceau, Pages Rouges, by Séverine, no absolute certainty, it would be an error to base a rude polemic on Sous le sabre, by Jean Ajalbert, Soleil des Morts, by Mauclair, Chanson des vague and simple presumptions. It’s preferable, even though one sus- Gueux and Les Blasphèmes, by Jean Richepin, and Idylles Diaboliques, by pects the contrary, to suppose good faith in one’s adversaries, while not Adolphe Retté; leaf through aristocratic literary magazines like “Mercure hesitating to blast them when their bad faith later becomes evident. de France”, “La Plume”, “La Revue blanche”, “Entretiens politiques et lit- In general, when one deals with proselytizing propaganda or polemics, téraires” and you’ll find, in prose or poetry, in art criticism as in theater it’s necessary to construct the discussion upon a foundation of mutually and book reviews, literary expressions of such violence that you’d never admitted good faith, given that the purpose is to convince the greatest find them in actual anarchist magazines, just as you’d never hear them on number of listeners who sympathize with one’s opponent. If I discuss the the lips of actual anarchists. conquest of public power with the head of a political party, I know well It’s understandable that the literati came to voice expressions in such how difficult it will be to convince him, but what primarily interests me is contradiction to their actual beliefs. The artist searches for beauty over to have those who follow him listen to what I say. usefulness in an attitude; because of this approach that which the social Additionally, we ought to treat the ideas of others and their persons with anarchist can understand but not approve arouses enthusiam in the poet respect when we discuss them with people we don’t know. Imagine if we or writer. The act of rebellion for which complete account of its effects is had discussions with other anarchists in distant locations. What would not taken is morally condemnable like any other act of cruelty, even they say if we treated them as if they were foolish and treacherous, bas- though committed with the best of intentions; the act of a surgeon who ing ourselves upon an arbitrary interpretation of an isolated event, or cuts off a leg when only the amputation of a toe is necessary would be upon a few phrases spoken about us, or upon an article in a periodical, similarly reprehensible. But these types of social and humane considera- etc.? What would they say if we attributed ideas to them which they did- tions, these distinctions, are scorned by individuals who love rebellion not n’t have, tending to think evil of them rather than good? What would they for its objectives, but for its own sake and for its esthetic beauty. say, in sum, if we treated them not as sincere comrades, but rather as These individuals are above all artists and writers educated in the school evilly intentioned adversaries whom we want to denigrate and annihilate? of Nietzsche (who was never an anarchist) who look upon all actions, how- They would say that we are ignorant, malicious, and intolerant people who ever tragic or sublime they might be, solely from an esthetic point of view intend to strangle the voice of those who do not think as we do. They and disregard concepts such as good and bad, useful and harmful. would say that we desire to defame rather than to convince them, Of anarchist thought they’ve glimpsed nothing beyond individual eman- because of an overriding spirit of supremacy and a desire to destroy their cipation; they’ve neglected the social problem, that is, the humanitarian reputations. side of anarchism. In that way they’ve come to conceive of an implacable And given that we’re speaking of abusive language, let’s also speak, (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 30 Luigi Fabbri Page 7 ing in the same manner among ourselves? Should we attack them all, “anarchy” in which one can worship an Émile Henry, but along with him a gather them all in the same net, when what we want is to attack those Passatore, a Nero, or an Ezzelino da Romano. It should be understood that who work treacherously, and not everyone in the entire party? Certainly acts by such individuals have importance solely because prose and poet- many of their doctrines are in error, but to demonstrate their error it’s not ry, drama or the novel, the pen or the brush, find in them a source of necessary to insult them; certain of their methods are harmful to the rev- beauty and form. It’s well known how much the love of a beautiful phrase, olutionary cause, but working differently, in our own manner, and by using an original expression or a vibrant verse can falsify and deform the innate example and reasoned demonstration, we’ll show them that our methods and true thoughts of a writer. Leopardi, who poetically cried: “To arms, are better. take them up here,” was in practice little disposed and had little aptitude All of the comments in this pamphlet have suggested themselves to me to actually take them up. like Paul Adam he would have called anyone because of a phenomenon which I’ve observed in our own camp. We have crazy who would have asked him in seriousness if he approved of the cold- become so accustomed to shouting about everything, that we’ve been blooded murder of a hermit by Ravachol (whom, however, he qualified as gradually losing our appreciation of the value of words and their differ- a “saint”). ences in meaning. The same depreciative adjectives serve equally to tar In the appreciation of a deed the esthetic element is completely differ- the priest, the monarchist, the republican, the socialist, and even those ent than the social and political element. Well then, to a doctrine (anar- anarchists who have the misfortune not to think as we do - and this is a chism) which is based in scientific reasoning and which is eminently socio- basic defect. political, they erroneously attribute that paradoxical esthetic which is sole- Without wanting to dwell upon the innumerable times that I’ve heard the ly and purely applicable to poetry and art. In all theories of renovation and terms “mystifiers,” “clerics,” “crazies,” “cowards,” and other similar revolution art and poetry are certainly factors of very secondary impor- niceties among good comrades, it will suffice to give an example I’ve tance, and never, absolutely never, should they impose themselves on or found (and cite with disgust) in a periodical which calls itself “anarchist.” have the right to guide individual or collective action solely for the sake of In the letters column they have a correspondent called Fulano (not his real esthetic effects. name) who promises that “during the next congress of social anarchists in Independently of the inherent worth of an idea, art seizes it and embell- Rome, I’ll throw a bomb into them.” That would appear a joke, a sick joke ishes it at whim, even at the risk of totally altering it in search of new certainly, if the entire periodical hadn’t been a testimonial to that ran- forms of expression. It’s the fate of all new and audacious ideas - which, corous, almost hateful phrase. by their nature, lend themselves to artistic fantasy. The history of litera- It’s a commonplace that fights are most common between brothers... ture is proof that art is by nature rebellious and innovative. All the poets, and that makes a miserable brotherhood. I would urge against these sad all the novelists, all the dramatists, were originally rebels, even though and painful methods. To me, the only adequate method appears to be not they later exchanged their bohemian garb for the frock of the academic or to resort to insults, or at most, limiting ourselves to exposing those who the courtesan. use abusive language or come to sow confusion and discord in our camp. But, returning to the subject, I’ll repeat that there is minimal or no rela- I still believe that it would be best that we get to know each other and tion, outside of certain expressions and artistic forms, between the social above all to work without losing sight of the fact that we have before us anarchist movement with its sociologic and political bases and the flour- our enemy, our true enemy who awaits the moment of our weakness in ishing of “anarchist” literature; and you’ll find the proof in that anarchist order to attack us. Never, in the manner of those parties in which action militants are frequently scientists and philosophers, and only in rare cases is the only reason for being. could it be said with more reason that lazi- writers and poets. [This is certainly not the case today.] As we have seen, ness is the worst of the vices - and discord is the first. apologists for anarchist violence have often been political reactionaries. Not always, especially from those adept at using the pen, is abuse And notwithstanding the fact that for a moment they call themselves against comrades or against our friends in parties with similar ends, the anarchists, sooner or later they’ll return to another camp and become rudest type, which perhaps, is not the worst. How many slashes given nationalists like Paul Adam, militarists like Tailhade, or socialists like with knowing malignity, how many elegant ironies, how much sarcasm, Mauclair. (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 8 Luigi Fabbri Page 29 If it’s true that art is the expression of life in a pleasing form, present day gestive value for those who dedicate themselves to propaganda. literature, so saturated with the anarchist spirit, is a consequence of the Similarly, it’s true that there are institutions and persons toward which it social situation in which we find ourselves and of the rebellious period in is not possible to be tolerant, toward which we have the sacrosanct duty, which we live. as our poet says, to combat them “without respect and without courtesy.” But in their turn certain types of violent “anarchist” literature exercise For example, when one speaks of the government it would be stupid to an influence upon the movement which we cannot neglect to examine. search for euphemisms. The paradoxical esthetics of this literature have had enormous repercus- The truth is that when one speaks badly of trashy people it’s necessary sions in the anarchist world in that they have contributed much to the to be very careful not to attribute actions to them which they have not occultation of the socialist and humanitarian aspects of anarchism and committed, in order not to give them a pretext to protest and proclaim have also influenced not a little the development of the terrorist tenden- their goodness and honor. Through excessive indulgence in this type of cy. exaggeration, we’ve given rise among our adversaries to the ironic But let this be understood: I’m dealing with something specific, and I do phrase, “It’s raining. It’s the government’s fault!” But all governments, not pretend that we should put the brakes on art and literature even with even though they’re not responsible for the rain, cause much graver dam- the goal of defending society or of improving the course of the revolu- age, and it’s not necessary to have fears about attacking them. One can tionary movement. never attack governments, priests, and bosses enough, and if harsh Let me recall an incident. When Émile Henry threw a bomb into a cafe polemic and propaganda is employed solely against them, nothing need in 1894, almost all of the anarchists I then knew realized that it was an be said, save what I’ve already mentioned. illogical and uselessly cruel act, and they didn’t hide their disgust and dis- But the “violence” of language in polemics and propaganda, “violence” approval of it. But during the course of his trial Henry gave his celebrat- in word and writing, which at times has sadly resulted in physical violence ed self-defense, which is a true literary jewel -admitted even by Lombroso against persons, the “violence” which I deplore above all, is that which is himself [Cesare Lombroso, a reactionary criminologist] - and after his employed against other progressive parties, more or less revolutionary, decapitation so many non-anarchist writers praised the executed man, his not that that matters, which are composed of the oppressed and exploit- logic and his ingenuity, that the opinion of the anarchists changed (gen- ed like ourselves, people like us who desire to bring about positive erally, at any rate), and Henry’s act found apologists and imitators. As can changes in the present socio-political situation. Those parties which be seen, the literary esthetic in the end ignored the social aspect, or, more aspire to power will undoubtedly, when they achieve it, become enemies accurately, the antisocial aspect, of the act, and the actual anarchist doc- of the anarchists. But as this is yet distant, as their intentions can be good trine had nothing to be thankful for in the slight service lent it by litera- and we would also like to get rid of many evils which they want to elimi- ture. nate, and as we have many enemies in common against whom we might, This type of literature is the best terrorist propaganda, a propaganda for perhaps, launch more than one battle, it’s useless, when it’s not prejudi- which one would search in vain, in any of the publications, books, pam- cial to our interests, to treat them abusively, given that what now divides phlets and periodicals which are the true expression of the anarchist us is a difference of opinion; and to treat someone abusively because s/he movement. Who doesn’t remember, to cite just one more case, the mag- doesn’t think or work like us is a grand presumption, an antisocial act. nificent article by Rastignac about Angiolillo (published in the conservative The propaganda and polemics directed at elements of the other parties “Tribuna” in Rome)? Despite the fact that the author in this case stated should, in order to attract them, persuade them of the worthiness of our many truths, to these he added many misconceptions, and Errico reasoning. What we’ve already said along general lines, that those who Malatesta, who is commonly thought to be one of the most violent anar- are treated as evil persuade themselves that they are evil, is very appli- chists, but in reality is one of the most calm and reasonable, entered the cable to assimilable elements - youths, workers, already awakened minds, fray to combat these mistaken ideas. Due to the influence of this type of those already on the road to the truth. The impact of abuse delays them violent literature, and for no other reason, there was no lack of a person on this path rather than pushing them forward. Some of their leaders may to put in practice one of the most violent invectives written by the poet be treacherous, but tell me, are we certain that there aren’t persons work- (cid:77) (cid:77) Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism Page 28 Luigi Fabbri Page 9 es us places a material obstacle in our path, an obstacle which we can’t Rapisardi after it was printed in several issues of the terrorist periodical overcome without resorting to violence - be it opposition to our propa- “Pensiero e Dinamite” [Thought and Dynamite]; and this person was a cul- ganda, an obstacle to our movement, or brutal limitation of our liberty and tured and comfortable Sicilian youth who suffered 12 years in prison well-being - only then is violence logical; but then to be “violent” in words because of it. What a waste. would be very ridiculous. To present an example, I would say that it’s Certainly Rastignac, like Rapisardi, could protest, and have reason to, ridiculous to attempt to convince people with violence, just as it would be against accusations of complicity, even though indirect. But this doesn’t ridiculous to attempt to win an insurrection with simple written or spoken contradict my claim that literary and artistic suggestion can be - and I’m arguments. not the first to say this - the determinant not only of certain already In accord with what I’ve said before, not all those who scream most vio- accomplished acts, but also of the mental direction of “anarchist” terror- lently are cowards, just as not all those who speak moderately are made ists who have never appreciated the inductions of Reclus or Kropotkin, or of the metal of heroes, but the damage to our propaganda from the habits the skeletal but humanitarian logic of Malatesta. of the former are immeasurably greater than the damage from the habits of the latter. If tomorrow, in the material struggle, those who do not (cid:77) preach and posture as macho tough guys would show themselves to be Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism cowards, it would be bad, but it would be an unobserved evil. But if those who mouth off about terrible things, and attract the antipathy of those We said in the preceding chapter that bourgeois literature, that litera- who disagree with them, would show themselves to be cowards, the effect ture which finds in anarchism reason for a new and violent esthetic atti- would be disastrous. And the people and our adversaries would have tude, undoubtedly contributes to producing an individualist and antisocial plausible reasons, at first glance, not to take us seriously. mentality in anarchists. The truth is that in times of calm, the rude word which is a moral slap in The literati and artists, without bothering to consider whether it can be the face practically becomes a necessity when we find ourselves faced applied to everyday life, have found an element of beauty in the acts of with a fact which makes us indignant or opponents of recognized dishon- individuals who, with the power of their intelligence and with sovereign esty. But the harsh word of protest and the moral slap in the face are disregard for their own lives and the lives of others, put themselves, with much more efficacious the less they are employed. a violent act of rebellion, outside the common run of humanity. For these Try, rather, to use language which is moderate in form, but which in sub- artists and writers, the beauty of the gesture takes the place of social util- stance expresses what you want to say completely and without compro- ity, with which they don’t concern themselves. So, they’ve idealized the mise; and try to habituate your readers to the polite form of the polemic. figure of the anarchist dynamiter because even in its most tragic mani- Then, when for good reason you have to raise the tone of your voice, see festations it presents undeniable characteristics of originality and attrac- if you aren’t better understood than you would be if you constantly tiveness. This literary and artistic idealization has exercised its influence screamed like a demon. among many anarchists, who, for lack of knowledge, or unfamiliarity with In propaganda it’s always necessary to strike a chord which resonates in reason and logic, or by temperament, have taken it as propagation of the human heart, and this will be impossible if you habituate your spirit to ideas even though it’s nothing more than an artistic manifestation. violence. After the first impression, habit takes over. It’s like a person who In certain anarchist circles, the most impulsive and the least knowl- is at first enormously impressed upon simply hearing the discharge of a edgeable, it has not been understood that these writers, who seem to revolver, but later doesn’t become the least bit agitated when at a firing compete in emitting the most extravagant paradoxes, have no doctrinal or range. And we need to agitate incessantly in order to call attention to our theoretical anarchist convictions. They make apologies for Ravachol and arguments. Émile Henry in the same manner that in other times they would have It could be objected, and with reason, that we live in an atmosphere of made apologies for highway robbers. There can be no doubt that the ban- such violence and evil that it’s not always possible to preserve the desir- dit who assaults and kills a traveler provides a more useful literary subject able serenity. No one would dispute this; my observations only have sug-