2 Arctic Yearbook 2013 Heininen, Lassi. (Ed.). (2013). Arctic Yearbook 2013. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum. Available from, http://www.arcticyearbook.com. This publication is available under limited copyright protection. You may download, distribute, photocopy, cite or excerpt this document provided it is properly and fully credited and not used for commercial purposes. Cover Image: Pitseolak Qimirpik Young Man Playing MP3 Cape Dorset, 2010 Stone, electrical wire, antler 16 x 5 x 6 inches Reproduced with the permission of Dorset Fine Arts. Editor: Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland [[email protected]] Managing Editors: Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan [[email protected]]; Joël Plouffe, National School of Public Administration (ENAP-Montréal) [[email protected]] Editorial Board: Dr. Lawson W. Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States) Dr. Robert Corell (Principal and Professor II, Global Environment & Technology Foundation; Chair of Global Science Associates; University of Tromsø & University of the Arctic, Norway) Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (Honorable President of Iceland) Dr. Yang Jian (Vice-President of Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China) Dr. Kari Laine (Director of the Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland) Dr. Gustaf Lind (Ambassador for the Arctic, Sweden) Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of International Security, Harvard University, United States) Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russia) Ms. Diana Wallis (MEP & Former Vice-President of the EU Parliament, United Kingdom) 3 Arctic Yearbook 2013 About Arctic Yearbook The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum and the University of the Arctic Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN also organizes the annual Calotte Academy. The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the Arctic region, with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic geopolitics and security. It is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication, published online at www.arcticyearbook.com to ensure wide distribution and accessibility to a variety of stakeholders and observers. Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and an open call for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook, or participating in the UArctic TN on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi Heininen. AY Peer Review Process Articles selected for blind peer-review are distributed to two faculty reviewers. AY uses a blind peer-review process where the identities of the submitting author as well as those of the peer-reviewers are unknown to each party. All efforts will be made by the AY editors to keep the identities of the submitting author and peer-reviewers confidential. Publication Frequency & Open Access Policy Arctic Yearbook publishes annually. AY provides open access to its content at www.arcticyearbook.com on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater dialogue on Arctic geopolitics and security, between scholars, policymakers, various stakeholders and northerners. Acknowledgments The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal [http://arcticportal.org/] for their generous technical and design support; Nordregio [http://www.nordregio.se] for contributing the map of international cooperation organizations in the Arctic; Dorset Fine Arts [http://www.dorsetfinearts.com] and the TD Inuit Art Gallery [http://www.td.com/inuitart/gallery/inuit-gallery.html] for the use of the cover image; and the scholars who provided peer review of the academic articles. 4 Acronyms A5 Arctic 5 AAC Arctic Athabaskan Council AANDC Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada AC Arctic Council ACAP Arctic Contaminants Action Program ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AHDR Arctic Human Development Report AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program AMSA Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment AMSP Arctic Marine Strategic Plan ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge AOR Arctic Ocean Review ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASSW Arctic Science Summit Week AWPPA Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act BAM Baikal-Amur Mainline BAT Best Available Techniques BEAC Barents Euro Arctic Council BEAR Barents Euro Arctic Region BEP Best Environmental Practice BIS Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (UK) BP British Petroleum CAA Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration CAFF Conservation of Arctic Fauna and Flora CARC Canadian Arctic Resources Committee CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCGS Canadian Coast Guard Ship CEA Centre d‘Etudes Arctiques CEARC Centre Européen Arctique CFP Common Fisheries Policy CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France) COP15 15th Conference of Parties (to the Kyoto Protocol) CORE Centre for Offshore Research & Engineering CP Le Cercle Polaire CPAR Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region DC Davis Corridor DECC Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK) DEFRA Department for Food and Rural Affairs (UK) DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) DfT Department for Transport (UK) DND Department of National Defence (Canada) DWT Dead Weight Tonnes EBM Ecosystem Based Management 5 Arctic Yearbook 2013 EC European Commission EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EFTA European Free Trade Agreeement EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENGO Environmental Non Governmental Organizations EP European Parliament EPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response EU European Union FC Fram Corridor FCO UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading GBP Great Britain Pound GDP Gross Domestic Product GEGA Groupe d‘Etude sur la Gouvernance Arctique (France) GPS Global Positioning System HDI Human Development Index IASC International Arctic Science Committee IASSA International Arctic Social Science Association ICC Inuit Circumpolar Council IEA International Energy Agency IGO Intergovernmental Organisation ILO International Labour Organisation IMO International Maritime Organisation INSROP International Northern Sea Route Programme IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPEV Institut Polaire Français IPS Indigenous Peoples‘ Secretariat IPY International Polar Year IR International Relations ISA International Seabed Authority ITC Inuit Tapirisat of Canada ITK Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology JANSROP Japan Northern Sea Route Programme JARE Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JCAR Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research JOGMEC Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MARPOL Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Ships MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency (UK) MEP Member of European Parliament MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan) MMPA Marine Mammals Protection Act (USA) MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) MOU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament MPA Maritime and Port Authority (Singapore) 6 MT Metric Tonnes NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ND Northern Dimension (EU) NDFP Northern Dimension of Canadian Foreign Policy NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Convention NEP Northeast Passage NERC Natural Environment Research Council (UK) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIPR National Institute of Polar Research (Japan) NMC Northern Maritime Corridor NORA Nordic Atlantic Cooperation NORAD North American Air Defence Command NORDEFCO Nordic Defense Cooperation NORDREG Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services NORDSUP Nordic Supportive Defense Structures NPC Northern Pacific Corridor NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center NSPD National Security Presidential Directive NSR Northern Sea Route NUS National University of Singapore NWP Northwest Passage NWT Northwest Territories OME Offshore and Marine Engineering OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation OPRF Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Japan) OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic PA Polar Ambassador PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment PAP People‘s Action Party (Singapore) PAS Polish Academy of Science PM Prime Minister PMO Prime Minister‘s Office POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PP Permanent Participants PRS Stanislaw Siedlecki Polish Research Station PRU Polar Regions Unit (UK) PSA Port of Singapore Authority RAIPON Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police RFE Russian Far East RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization SAO Senior Arctic Official SAON Sustaining Arctic Observation Network SAR Search and Rescue SCPAR Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region SDF Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 7 Arctic Yearbook 2013 SDWG Sustainable Development Working Group (Arctic Council) SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SMC Singapore‘s Maritime Cluster SNP Scottish National Party SOE State Owned Enterprises SOF Ship and Ocean Foundation SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea (IMO) STCW Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers TNC Transnational Corporations TPP Trans Polar Passage TSR Transpolar Sea Route UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights UK United Kingdom ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNECE United Nations European Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIS University of Svalbard USA United States of America USGS United States Geological Survey USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WDGF Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WMO World Meteorological Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund WWII World War II 9 Arctic Yearbook 2013 New Possibilities for the Northern Peripheral Regions in the Post-Cold War Era By Jari Koivumaa | Lapland Vocational College, Finland .................................................. 199 Section III | Circumpolar Relations in Interesting Times .................................. 210 Natural News, State Discourses & The Canadian Arctic By Heather N. Nicol | Trent University, Canada ................................................................ 211 The Arctic Ocean Review, the Arctic Voice, & Dealing with the Interplay of Global & Regional Regimes By Marc-André Dubois, Alexander Shestakov & Clive Tesar | WWF Arctic Programme, Canada ........................................................................................................................................ 237 Creating a Framework for Consensus Building & Governance: An Appraisal of the Swedish Arctic Council Chairmanship & the Kiruna Ministerial Meeting By Douglas C. Nord | Western Washington University, United States of America ...... 249 Strengthening the Capacity of the Arctic Council: Is the Permanent Secretariat a First Step? By Belén Sánchez Ramos | University of Vigo, Spain ........................................................ 264 Section IV | Arctic Resource Policy and Politics ................................................. 279 Scramble for the Arctic Offshore Oil & Gas Resources in Russia By Nadezhda Filimonova | Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Russia...... 280 What Does the Arctic Teach Us? An Epistemological Essay on Business-Government Relations By Matthias Finger | École plolytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland .............. 296 Industrialized Fisheries in Arctic and Antarctic Waters: Selected Atlantic Fishing Industries and Arctic Regions in a Historical Perspective By Ingo Heidbrink | Old Dominion University, United States of America .................... 312 Section V | Commentaries ................................................................................... 326 The Arctic Council & Canada‘s Chairmanship By Patrick Borbey | Chair, Arctic Council Senior Arctic Officials (SAO), Canadian Chairmanship ............................................................................................................................ 327 Challenges & Opportunities Ahead for the Arctic Council By Lawson W. Brigham | University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States of America .. 331 No Entry for EU into the Arctic while Guaranteeing Access to Others? By Tarja Cronberg | Finnish Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Member of the Greens/EFA Group .......................................................................................................... 334 Greenland‘s State-Building Process: Still a Long Way to Go By Damien Degeorges | Paris School of Business, France ................................................ 337 10 Rendez-vous at Reykjavik By Klaus Dodds | Royal Holloway, University of London, England .............................. 340 A Proliferation of Forums: A Second Wave of Organizational Development in the Arctic By Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan & Joël Plouffe, National School of Public Administration (ENAP-Montréal), Canada .............................................................. 343 Future Prospects for Petroleum Development in the Arctic By Rúni M. Hansen, Statoil's Arctic Unit .............................................................................. 346 Arctic Council Secretariat Established By Magnús Jóhanesson, Director, Arctic Council Secretaritat ........................................... 346 The Importance of Public and Private Sector Engagement in the Arctic By Steven R. Myers, Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER), United States of America ....................................................................................................................................... 350 Russian Strategy of the Development of the Arctic Zone and the Provision of National Security until 2020 (adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on February 8, 2013, № Pr-232) By Alexander Pelyasov, Center for the Arctic & Northern Economies, Council for Research for Productive Forces, Russia ................................................................................ 353 The North & the Arctic: Québec‘s Interests and Actions By Government of Québec ..................................................................................................... 356 China, Japan and the Arctic in 2013 By Aki Tonami, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ....................................................... 359 Arctic Opportunities: An Alaskan Perspective By Mead Treadwell, Lieutenant Governor, Alaska, United States of America ................ 359 Section VI | Briefing Notes .................................................................................. 365 Briefing Note | The West Nordic Council and its Arctic Engagement By Egill Thor Nielsson | Polar Research Institute of China………………..……..…..366 Briefing Note | Themes and Highlights from the 2013 NRF Open Assembly By Susan Carruth & Julia Martin | Northern Research Forum Researchers ................... 373 Briefing Note | Calotte Academy 2013: Natural Resources and Energy Security in the Arctic: Geopolitics & Dialogue In, Across and Beyond the North Calotte By Hanna Lempinen | Arctic Centre, University of Lapland Finland & Joël Plouffe | National School of Public Administration (ENAP - Montréal), Canada ......................... 381