border citizens TT44225577..iinnddbb ii 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5511 PPMM Published in cooperation with the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, Southern Methodist University TT44225577..iinnddbb iiii 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5522 PPMM border citizens The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ eric v. meeks university of texas press, austin TT44225577..iinnddbb iiiiii 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5522 PPMM copyright © 2007 by the university of texas press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2007 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819, www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html (cid:2)(cid:2) The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper). library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Meeks, Eric V. Border citizens : the making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona / Eric V. Meeks. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn: 978-0-292-71698-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn: 978-0-292-71699-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Arizona—Ethnic relations—History—19th century. 2. Arizona— Ethnic relations—History—20th century. 3. Ethnicity—Arizona—History. 4. Indians of North America—Arizona—Ethnic identity—History. 5. Mexican Americans—Arizona—Ethnic identity—History. 6. Whites— Race identity—Arizona—History. 7. Ethnic barriers—Arizona—History. 8. Social structure—Arizona—History. I. Title. f820.a1m44 2007 305.8009791’09034—dc22 2007017833 TT44225577..iinnddbb iivv 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5522 PPMM for leilah TT44225577..iinnddbb vv 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5522 PPMM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK contents list of illustrations ix acknowledgments xi introduction 1 chapter 1. Desert Empire 15 chapter 2. From Noble Savage to Second-Class Citizen 44 chapter 3. Crossing Borders 71 chapter 4. Defi ning the White Citizen-Worker 98 chapter 5. The Indian New Deal and the Politics of the Tribe 127 chapter 6. Shadows in the Sun Belt 155 chapter 7. The Chicano Movement and Cultural Citizenship 180 chapter 8. Villages, Tribes, and Nations 211 conclusion. Borders Old and New 241 notes 249 selected bibliography 301 index 313 TT44225577..iinnddbb vviiii 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5522 PPMM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK list of illustrations maps Map 0.1. South-Central Arizona, ca. 1900 7 Map 0.2. South-Central Arizona, ca. 1940 8 Map 1.1. Indigenous Peoples, ca. 1854 19 Map 6.1. Urban Areas in South-Central Arizona, ca. 1990 158 figures Figure 1.1. Wages at the Clifton-Morenci Mines, 1909 29 Figure 3.1. Eight Arizona Counties with Largest Mexican-Born Popula- tions, 1910 75 Figure 3.2. Nine Arizona Counties with Largest Mexican-Born Popula- tions, 1920 78 Figure 4.1. National Origin of White Immigrants in Arizona, 1910 108 Figure 4.2. National Origin of White Immigrants in Arizona, 1920 109 Figure 6.1. Seasonal Farm Labor Demand in Arizona, 1950–1965 167 TT44225577..iinnddbb iixx 77//1199//0077 1122::1111::5533 PPMM