wa BOOTSTRAPPING Coevolution, and the Origins of Parounal Computing B Tissook swan albus esate Pra Intrtstion: oops Prgeban's Crea fr the ujrutte of Ha Feliu Tamgunge athe nly The Chori Keyset aul he QUEERTY Kephonrd Tha fen othe Mine Aneta the ira het SRC aa i hin Sys “The Arrival ols Re! User ad th Binns Fo 01 Mise and Min: ARPANET, Rane snd eo Ca Wane Howl and Meany Can Mees gam Appenden: Prsomaa as Feller SRT Sab Niser Birks Coed Sir Fuglbarch Doreeyal ol he H-LAMIT Spe Engebates Chon’ Keysat Cok and Washout’ FeeNeedle Tees, +57 Fransits Machine, 467 The Sholes, Cuidlen, and Souié Machine to Huphers Tyo P ining Tega Joba Pacts Typewree The Shaka un den Machin rs The Reinga ShifeKey Typewritce Mes, Fuoat View ‘Memes Twin Soe The Whilwiad Ligh Gan The RAND Tabiee A Mathematical Repression ofthe Lagat ‘Masel lhstation The Opoatiog Principe athe Planimeter lateation for ths Origen Patea of ths Mouse The De—CogutieSeiones iow of te faueséace The Msstal-Models View of the laectise A Simple Model the Unsrice,c8.49 88 The Kis Chai Front Viow ol an Early Thete-Rutan Mouse x Matte set. The Special Dovices Chaanal us srt. Ths Hesmaa Miler NLS Console us 61. ‘The Netwars That Deselozed che ersnal rence 450 fs, Tae Fix Machine 31 65. Tae Original Doskisp, x98 144 or, Tre Gane othe Peron Interface 8 1 payes f patos fallow page x42 Fated of arn fam dhe radon a the chm a a ee Fro ie species whch ear amtahl sty tr define nea resin she swore of hs nd om pecy, 2 Rater ine the ares eer th rer then tae ws an dere ce individ an ee sey a thecechoea obs he rch! by i rt thar eng, en hee ae, bet hae huh rar eciemuiy crater ns Baomade Presence ds ete tcbmigaee low di the etcatrs ol parnaal compote technilogy chsision toxe who would oi? How dl they yore Teture a ones within there sevice? Who echnical uptions were inci, or exeladed, om the bande tears auto soe, aul apiations the san ol hens nepreatan hr hove tell die Bom up The wala anal wise ary ace eal imuoaeors shaped dhe ay une negra prowiday onter elo thie otk? “Tivundrstand ths ansavers these qussions a i un, the tig persnual costing ie navetsry to hop by udstacaangthe ostcibue ans of Douglas Eayctbun snd Laeconceens ‘a otvated them Fantoutand rescued anny Is pees, Fuge: 3s 698 ul eon winuslestondatd ped hj anchnows vompnic Rtests, Tick eae ec his ahd Pood Jor ae sake ola ane nay oF tu esa spot ln Du glen Engel inh pasthory nf the suraputer vuln, but abo asine scan eet rns tates sys in the deve iin aa ellos ol {ing ecto ol the wat’ aoey: he ema ‘This bk ie ane fot nates nadine and avers ileren exe tations aecondingl ase ype loader wil Gd ia tbe book seule histxi= tal enue ste gi ol pron amoung a a debe aeoun1 3 Engetban’s assuage at is aby the Auginentstiva Rese Cees tbs Siaaloed Reseeth Tuas. Forti historia’ inated #eode, Ce iet- fst he hk il ts nna albania se ahov dhe advent sa gitcance af he ARC Lboreony ti wi go urces chau the pebished seesions, wbich are generally charactelze by a lack of dorcel focus. te shows how and why a sgoicane pat of whar defines Life as we now i> ic ng A scaoud type ot cease will consider the book ag an comtinton fom fing debats'nsocoiogy’of scence and eecbnolegy ar communication. For Us schotatyceade, che steagih and value of be nok als wl dei he say ths cane uy i cutie gu edt vo cat 9 no light, bas on aU foued wakicisciplicary porspetve. on >be sociology of cicace and canal ogy. Harte comuaunicatons sshela, da book is ifontoed by the cure debates on cs uaure of samoucacion echaologise and susieaces and pr posse inzowariesegueten to atswos the funda question af he rl osshipsorvcen tchuslogy and use The rezsasc reported in chis book ante, oddly enough wich a tesott forthe Unieed Waions Food and Agricultural Organcuton ‘Reger, Budi, and Sigal .e921- helped Dr. Byereu ML. Regs adsie cis insintior abe be potcecal uses of crocompsates inthe South. I eesolred in more questions fod furaioae cba saewers, ad expocly a abe cxocial cues wh fs 4 miccocompurer? ery Winogead 13990. 4331 once said eux “we may smecines forge how now ical... Noro long ago, cheze were ust a fw odd pscholagists cou- fcaned wich toma factocs” ssbo buppered co study how people used stio~ putes.” How new indeed: most cursemt personal computer nse donot real- ize cha they have mous covmpute pater a ae. Sngrcps dam NASA bad send a wan oo che mees. nc the companne ecology is ne, Winognad isrighe ro sap thae che inevest fo ts honian uses i even newer The zll for a beree undzestandiag of the "bunzan side of the computing teclology.” however, bas beeu rade epexedy sce the and-r089%. Joo auban Grudn, for instance, noted chat tbe eBectivenes of consumers "as ageuts inthe world willincrease aa step wich aie poate underscang fs For ther scason, work to develop av undotstanding of seople wl resain the ‘oj heart of the computers developmout. 1c he engine of change” (2920, byl My wodkipeends co develop such "an underandng of people” i oo boston o comptes: nor an nudestanding of he coguiive ad physialpro- esac of the ivkinl was, bur rdher sn underseningof were a collective feuds emerging exrough ae. Ie focaseson tae story of che forms gency in the hurcan-conspuretintersction from. 9 sociolegs: perspec, Iie ge- beslag ofthe hasten-comperineface. ‘he erie nono. of en nerfse cont from she Grek prasigom, a "ice lacing anocaes face” ci 1993, 781, Ihe sverpersonal and wavnedited frosnpo desig he lite neds Abe espa eran he dss a 4 wanspacen, utinusve medium. th conater-nediated assnanicaion, the inatace bas stogieeisely emuiged as © lutdssnetal bution. Michael DBeiwusns ona: noted chat “whe computers lst appoared, inputoutpat omauuls were mina altcibougbs to obese, ollon wel-afed 2nd occasionally prteaiosprogsaunaing languages. Toda. dhe corunands a: apy ever zo sore ol programming stn! nateustions” (4990 Ufo faa Crain aclied chat th toc ase intelace” fz “wsclulogily ‘ented anda in ths engictig perapctve dat pa isch eos accioo, “eae equation ofthe ‘ues intelace” to anes dod 1 eices E948, 0. isa, tha “wer steric’ denoces che computer exteface tothe nser sed the nsers steace tthe computer (2993, 142, 125, cxplasis in tae igi Ta this book, El atthe eamescons uf ths pessoal oputse atsfas both senses or jus a che emergence ofa technology independent of chose wa develop and those whe ave thought of a usiag it. The slow aad some une pains process of itnpising ube pessoal sormpute? was DL jus 2 PLo- «css of echzolog:ca:innataion, independent of uses and airs, 36 tnd 1 50 the aot ia che biaoris accounts ofthe developmvur ofthe cour Lots incepcon, asthe cars” of Doug's Engelhar shoes. ths dvelaparen of te petsnaal cuzpatcratrface wet a wcunolegy hy aad about 20. To mors uadinasal accouus, tke computer i is: a batch- processing a hae, an iaformating processing device dha peacsess data, usualy coded i prunes ctds, i buge batches. In a second phase, caropucing vas i abares fuznng users cab nu specific on oe ae consuter sinmleabeoh tia dite phase. cach use aas access roa dovored staadalone machiae chat sis on kis or ie desktop. Aud daly, che stand-aloue wokstanens of the pre- ous phase ate cosnected ino a nerve ‘ch a way co deere dhe eeolutiou of couputng focus om ths speci ‘aaraceriscs of he computer ara sco ce ard uslly pars che cmphsis ‘ot tchologicalinaovation that allowed the passage fon: ans phase co dae bext ds de-aaring operating syst, fo example. he deskrop metaphor af ths bamancompute ite‘ace,o7 packet swsbing newweuk technologies. “While hese inarwtinge obviously coanibuted gress eo shaping the Riszacy of computing, the dynanic of porsoralizacon tae chatacrevzes de evolaues cf somntig sinc abe Le rosa played au equal niporcntrle (desexse ths poogcesise contusion ob ube asst at a pesto ot, what sonnet stented co the sane caing how the enmpurcreveurall gota persona. Thecsatot of persons compunse eeiology linked tii ono 9 ide- lags rpeseataions tha esstued and justified thee dergns. Those ve sions have Sacoms esl, Lteneasumpions to He aer-day users of the