The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Akron Law Review Akron Law Journals July 2015 Book Review: Much Ado About Nothing: The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court Richard L. Aynes Please take a moment to share how this work helps youthrough this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at:https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview Part of theJudges Commons,Legal History Commons, and theSupreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Aynes, Richard L. (1980) "Book Review: Much Ado About Nothing: The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court," Akron Law Review: Vol. 13 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at:https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol13/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Akron Law Journals at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Akron Law Review by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please [email protected], [email protected]. MUCH ADOA ynAesB: BOookU ReTvi ewNOTHING: THE BRETHREN: INSIDE THE SUPREME COURT By Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong Simon & Schuster, 1979 - 467 pp. JUST Reviewed by Richard L. Aynes* IN TIME for the 1979 Christmas shopping season, Simon and Schus- ter published Bob Woodward1 and Scott Armstrong's2 The Brethren. The marketing strategy was well executed. Billed as a look at the Court's secret "deliberative process," the "hidden motives" of the Justices, and a revelation of the "implications of power and influence" in the nation's highest court,' the previews of the book offered the "titillating prospect of finding out court secrets,"' which made the publication of the book itself a "major event."5 Success with the media was instantaneous. The Brethren made the cover and eleven inside pages of Newsweek;' was discussed in a segment of "60 Minutes;"7 and was chosen as the main selection of the Book of the Month Club for December of 1979.8 Even prior to the official publication date of December 17,9 there was discussion as to both movie and paper- back rights.1" Though Woodward himself was quoted as saying in many ways The Brethren was "boring,""1 the initial reviews by the critics were far kinder. Newsweek characterized the book as "revealing" and spoke of "dramatic disclosures" which were said to be, even when "mildly put," "provocative for the Court and the nation."12 Fellow journalist Lyle Denniston"3 hailed the work as one of "immense importance to the history of the Supreme *B.S., Miami University; J.D. Cleveland State University; Assistant Professor of Law, The University of Akron School of Law. 1 Mr. Woodward is the Assistant Managing Editor for Metropolitan News of The Washington Post. He co-authored ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN (1974) and THE FINAL DAYS (1976). 2 Mr. Armstrong is a reporter for The Washington Post. He served as an investigator for the Senate Watergate Committee and assisted in work on THE FINAL DAYS (1976). See Lew- in, 'Boring' Bombshell Drops on Brethren, The National Law Journal, December 17, 1979, at 16, col. 2. 3 Book Jacket, THE BRETHREN. 4 Lewin, supra note 2, at 16, col. 1. 5Id. a NEWSWEEK, December 10, 1979, at cover and 76-91. 7 Lewin, supra note 2, at 16, col. 1. s.Id. 9 ld. 10 Id. Ild. at 1. 12 Supra note 6, at 76, 78, 79. 13Mr. Denniston is a reporter who covers the United States Supreme Court for the Wash- ington Star. Some Critics Call Woodstrong Book "Gossip" by "Trust Us" Journalist, National Law Journal, December 31, 1979 at 12, Col. 1. [507] Published by IdeaExchange@UAkron, 1980 1 Akron Law RAeKviReOwN, V LoAl.W 13 R[1E9V8I0E]W, Iss. 3, Art. 4 (Vol. 13:3 Court"'" and concluded that it was "invaluable to those whose work or avocation it is to follow the court."" The extent to which The Brethren captured the attention of the reading public may be gauged not only by the reviews which have appeared in a variety of publications,'6 but also by the fact that responses to the book have been forthcoming from one party whose case was discussed;" from former law clerks who were interviewed by the authors; 8 from a former Justice of the Court; and from one of the Justices presently sitting on the court.2 With such auspicious beginnings, The Brethren would appear to be a vital and important book which should be included upon the "required" reading list of those who wish to keep abreast of developments involving the Court and the evolution of constitutional law. Unfortunately, for any- one familiar with the decisions of the Court, the high expectations raised by The Brethren will not be met. Even when viewed in the most charitable light, the "insights" into the decision-making process to be gained from The Brethren are slight.2 The research for The Brethren, though perhaps tedious, was predict- able. Limiting their study to the first seven years of Warren E. Burger's tenure as Chief Justice (1969-1976), Woodward and Armstrong "read as many of the cases and as much of the background material ...as time would allow."22 But, like others who had sought more direct information concerning the judicial system, they also utilized the time-tested interview- 14 Id. 15 Id. '6 E.g., NEWSWEEK, December 10, 1979. (Cover and pp. 76-91); Alder, The Justices and the Journalist, The New York Times Book Review, December 16, 1979, at 1; Leonard Books of the Times, The New York Times, December 7, 1979; Lewin, "Boring" Bombshell Drops on Brethren, The National Law Journal, December 17, 1979, at 1; MacKenzie, Book Review, The National Law Journal, December 31, 1979, at 12; Some Critics Call Woodstrong Book "Gossip" by "Trust Us" Journalist, National Law Journal, December 31, 1979 at 12. " Letter to NEWSWEEK, January 7, 1980, at 5 by G. Scott Cuming, Senior Vice President and General Counsel for the El Paso Co. of Houston, Texas. 18E.g., Letter to NEWSWEEK, January 7, 1980, at 5 by James E. Scarboro of Phoenix, Arizona, one of the former law clerks interviewed. -Goldberg, A Former Justice on "The Brethren," National Law Journal, January 21, 1980, at 14. 20 Letter of Mr. Justice Potter Stewart to NEWSWEEK, December 21, 1979, at 7. Al Co-author Scott Armstrong assessed the importance of THE BRETHREN in terms of its contribution to understanding the Court's decision-making process: If we've done our job well, people will see beyond the details to a better understanding of the process. Lewin, supra note 2, at 17. 22 B. WOODWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, THE BRETHREN 3 (1979). One recurring criticism has been that the authors failed to devote enough time and study to the published opinions of the Court. E.g., Letter to The National Law Journal, January 28, 1980, at 14, col. 3 by Stanford Constitutional Law Professor Gerald Gunther. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol13/iss3/4 2 Winter, 1980] AynBeOs:O BKo oRkE RVIeEvWiew a valuable tool honored in use by both journalists and lawyers. 3 It was tho latter technique which produced "[m]ost" of the information for their book." These interviews were said to involve more than two hundred people, in- cluding "several Justices, more than 170 former law clerks, and several dozen former employees of the Court." 5 In addition to the oral information, the authors also indicate that they obtained documents "from the chambers of eleven of the twelve Justices" who were on the Court during the period in question. 6 These documents are said to include internal memoranda, letters, notes from the conferences of the Justices, case assignment sheets, diaries and unpublished and uncirculated draft opinions. 7 Having satisfied themselves as to the reliability of their sources" the authors proceeded to examine selected cases which they believed offered "insight" into the internal decision-making processes of the Court.29 After a short prologue which chronicles the appointment of Warren Burger as Chief Justice, Woodward and Armstrong proceed through seven chapters, one for each Court term commencing with 1967 and ending with the 1975 term. Interspersed with the chronicle of the background of case decisions is a running commentary on what is purported to be the inside views and attitudes of the Justices. In most instances the scenes presented are far 23 Examples of others who have utilized Law Clerks, Judges or other court personnel as sources for analyzing the judicial process include Newland, Personal Assistants to Supreme Court Justices: The Law Clerks, 40 OREGON L. REV. 299 (1961); and MARVELL, APPELLATE CouRTs AND LAWYERS: INFORMATION GATHERING IN THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM 6 (1978). 24 B. WOODWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 3. 25 Id. 26d. at 4. 27 Id. The documents are said to be composed of thousands of pages and to fill eight drawers. Id. 28 Id. The sources who helped us were persons of remarkable intelligence. They had un- usually precise recall about the handling of cases that came before the Court, par- ticularly the important ones. In virtually every instance we had at least one, usually two, and often three or four reliable sources in the chambers of each Justice for each of the seven years we have covered. Where documents are quoted, we have had direct access to the originals or to copies .. . .(emphasis added.) Focusing upon the emphasized language, one reviewer has criticized the authors for "vague enumeration" which simply indicated that Woodward and Armstrong "prefer ... implications of massiveness to precise statements of simple facts," Adler, supra note 16, at 1, 24. 291d. at 2. Examples of the type of cases treated include the abortion cases, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); and Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973); Muhammed Ali's selective service case, Clay v. United States, 403 U.S. 698 (1970); and the Nixon-tapes case, United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974). Based upon the authors' index, it appears that they treated 179 cases in some fashion. The fact that no citation was provided for any of the cases referred to may be one in- dication that the book was targeted towards laymen rather than lawyers and judges, Published by IdeaExchange@UAkron, 1980 3 Akron Law RAeKviRewO,N V LoAl. W13 R[1E9V8I0E]W, Iss. 3, Art. 4 [Vol. 13:3 from complimentary. With respect to the Chief Justice, the authors report Warren Burger's first draft opinion in the Alexander v. Holmes County Bd. of Education case" confirmed the "worst suspicions"'" of Justice Stewart who later supposedly said that Chief Justice Burger was a "show" rather than a "real" leader for the Court." Justice Douglas was said to be so sure of the Chief Justice's position upon issues before the Court that when his health was failing he assured his former law clerk that he could still function properly by simply "see[ing] how the Chief votes and vote[ing] the other way."3 And Justice Powell, in reviewing Chief Justice Burger's draft of the decision in the Detroit segregation case"4 was quoted as saying: "If an associate in my law firm had done this, I'd fire him." 5 Nor do the other Justices fair much better. Justice Brennan is accused of allowing an unfair murder conviction to stand in order to avoid offending Justice Blackmun.' Justice Douglas is portrayed as a man who tyrannized his clerks and tragically attempted to sit as a "tenth" Justice even after he had resigned from the Court." Byron White is painted as a basketball court "bully" who likes to "muscle" out the clerks he plays with." Justices Stewart and Marshall are both criticized for not being diligent in their work. 9 Justice Rehnquist is accused of deliberately distorting the facts of cases in order to reach the decisions he wants." Only the then newcomer, Justice Stevens, seems to escape criticism. In attempting to assess the value of The Brethren, two questions pre- dominate. First, what information do Woodward and Armstrong give the reader that was not available before? Second, how useful is that information in either understanding or reforming the Court? With respect to the first question, one might begin with consideration of the general conclusions which can be reached from the information presented by the authors. The one explicitly articulated by Woodward and Armstrong is that, 30396 U.S. 19 (1969). 81 B.W OODWARD & S. ARMSTRONO, supra note 22, at 54. 32 The full quote attributed to Justice Stewart was: On ocean liners they used to have two captains. One for show, to take the women to dinner. The other to pilot the ship safely. The Chief is the show captain. All we need now is a real captain. 38 Id.a t 391. 34 Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974). 85 B. WooDWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 284. 36 Id. at 225. Justice Brennan's clerks for that Term, the supposed source of the authors' information, have stated that the accusation made in THE BRETHREN is untrue. See note 51, infra. 87 Id. at 433. 88 Id. at 185. 39 Id. at 270. 40 Id. at 222. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol13/iss3/4 4 Winter, 1980] BOOK REVIEW Aynes: Book Review in their opinion, the Court is ideologically divided and is led, not by the Chief Justice, but rather by a committee of "the center" composed of Justices Stewart, White, Powell, and Stevens." To that may be added the summary of the conclusions former Justice Goldberg thought could be drawn from the book: Justices are human, differ between themselves, are not often polite in their characterizations of each other and lobby strongly with their colleagues for support of positions they profoundly hold.2 Contrary to the promotions of the book, these are not the type of "dis- closures" which were likely to surprise "any lawyer or other student of the Court.""3 These same conclusions not only could be drawn from a simple reading of the Court's opinions or reference to a review of the Court's decisions," but almost identical conclusions actually were made in a survey of constitutional law professors conducted prior to the publication of The Brethren." Hence, one of the major disappointments of The Brethren was its failure to generate any new, significant information concerning the overall operation of the Court. On the other hand, when considering the information which Wood- ward and Armstrong claim to have obtained concerning specific cases and the actions of individual Justices, the information is certainly deserving of the adjective "new." The harder question is whether their claims are worthy of credit. At the outset, the care with which the authors approached their sub- ject is at least open to question. An examination of their introductory mate- rials, as well as their subsequent treatment indicates at least the possibility that the authors never really understood the difference between proceeding in the Court by virtue of certiorari as opposed to appeal."6 Further, demon- strable factual errors exist. In treating one case alone, the authors give an incorrect name.," have the case decided in the wrong year;" and at- 41Id. at 444. 42 Goldberg, supra note 19. 48 Adler, supra note 16, at 24, col. 3. See also Denniston, supra note 13. 44E.g., The Supreme Court, 1978 Term, 93 HARv. L. REV. Table I (B) & (C) 276-277 (1978). 45Lavine, Profs Rate High Court as Average, National Law Journal, December 13, 1979, at 1; A Confused and Divided Court, National Law Journal, January 21, 1980, at 6. 46B. WooDWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 2-3. Another who has put this con- clusion even more strongly is Adler, supra note 6. For a general discussion of the differences see STERN & GRnssmAN, SUPREME COURT PRACTICE (5th ed. 1978), especially at 156-157, 162-165, 168-172, 503-504, 515, 540, 317-319, 1078-1079, 353-360. 47L isted as Roth v. Bd. of Regents rather than Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972). B. WOODWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 404. 48 Said to be decided in 1971 rather than 1972. Id. Published by IdeaExchange@UAkron, 1980 5 AKRoN LAW REVIEW [Vol. 13:3 Akron Law Review, Vol. 13 [1980], Iss. 3, Art. 4 tribute language to Justice Stewart in that opinion which is simply not there. 9 While these may seem like relatively minor errors, they do reflect a lack of care in treating easily identifiable and verifiable facts. In a work which relies upon anonymous sources for subjective information, this lack of care with objective information is one of the facts which the reader must weigh in deciding whether to credit the various accounts presented. This is particularly true since the factual accuracy of portions of The Brethren has already been publicly challenged by the El Paso Com- pany;0 the former law clerks of Mr. Justice Brennan;1 and Mr. Justice Stewart. 2 The importance of such possible discrepancies is heightened by the fact that the authors not only use "confidential" sources, but that all of their sources remain anonymous. Thus, the reader is deprived of the usual opportunity to assess the reliability of the information based upon the source; the source's opportunity to know; the source's background and per- spective; and other similar matters. Moreover, by keeping all sources hidden from view, the authors have made it impossible for the reader to judge the whole by a representative part. This approach has opened Woodward and Armstrong to the charge of "Trust Us" Journalism53 and the claim that they have done nothing more than conclude that: "at least somebody said it happened, so maybe it really did."5 A related problem is the fact that it appears that the overwhelming 49 "Moreover, Stewart felt trapped by a phrase Rehnquist had convinced him to add to a 1971 opinion. Though it had seemed harmless to Stewart at the time, the phrase said that due process should be invoked only for rights specifically created by governments." (emphasis added) Id. 50The authors reported that Thomas G. Corcoran attempted to lobby the Justices to re- consider a case in which El Paso was involved and was acting on El Paso's behalf. Utah Public Service Commission v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 395 U.S. 404, 405 U.S. 1061 (1972). See Id. at 79-86. The El Paso Co. has denied that Thomas G. Corcoran was au- thorized to take any action in its behalf in seeking reconsideration in that case. Supra note 17. 51 Relying upon a supposed conversation with one of Justice Brennan's law clerks, the authors maintain that Justice Brennan voted against his conscience in Moore v. Illinois, 408 U.S. 786 (1972), in order to curry favor with Justice Blackmun. Brennan's clerks for that term deny that any such conversation took place between them and the Justice. National Law Journal, January 28, 1980, at 35. 52THE BRErHREN maintains that Justice Stewart withdrew himself from consideration of possible appointment as Chief Justice in 1969 in part because his wife "had a drinking problem." B. WooDwARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 16. Justice Stewart has pub- licly indicated that his wife has been a "complete teetotaler" since before 1963 and that his wife had no "problem" that affected his decision. 53 Denniston, supra note 13, at 12. 54Leonard, supra note 16. See also Jerold Auerbach, author, quoted supra note 53 at col. 1: What bothers me about the Woodstrong approach is the belief that the minute you can find two sources who can testify to the same thing that thing must therefore have happened. To a historian that makes no sense at all; it proves only that two people have said the same thing. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol13/iss3/4 6 Winter, 19801 AyBnOesO: KB oRoEkV RIeEvWiew bulk of the information came from the same source: former law clerks to the Justices." In fact, the view of the Justices' clerks is so pervasive that the book might well have been entitled The Law Clerks rather than The Brethren. A flavor of this perspective can be illustrated from the accounts in Furman v. Georgia and Miller v. California." While the Court's clerks certainly have a unique vantage point from which to view the Court, their use as sources is not without its hazards. First, it should be emphasized that the Clerks' are not in the conference room with the Justices. 8 Hence, much of the information relied upon is "secondhand." The mere repetition of the "story" may give rise to innocent misunderstanding. Second, the Justices themselves, in relating incidents from conference, may well present the information in such a way that it places them in the most favorable light and detracts from those with whom they may have disagreed on a given day."' Third, those who have studied the law clerk/judge relationship have noted that the vast majority of clerks tend to hold opinions of their judges that almost reach "hero worship" and that when interviewed they typically praised their own judges and criticized the other judges on the court."0 If this same phenomena occurs with clerks to Supreme Court Justices, then it would tend to make one cautious about crediting accounts that are either praiseworthy of the Justice for whom a given clerk worked, or critical of any Justice for whom the clerk did not work. Fourth, one must consider the "reliability" of the law clerks who provided Woodward and Armstrong with what appears to be confidential ,5B . WOODWARD & S. ARMSTRONG, supra note 22, at 3. Of some 200 people interviewed, more than 170 were said to be former law clerks. 56 408 U.S. 238 (1972). The narrative after Justice White supposedly informed his clerks that he would vote to strike down the death penalty in the Furman case includes the follow- ing at page 218: The clerks took a copy of the opinion back to their office ... His clerks found it ironic ... Still, the clerks were satisfied ... ...The clerks thought ... 57 413 U.S. 15 (1973). Concerning the drafting of that opinion, Woodward and Armstrong, at pages 250-251 write: Burger's clerk delivered each successive draft to White's chambers with an apology for its tone. The clerk said he had done his best to harness and control the Chief . Almost ritualistically, White's clerk would secure White's suggestion that certain lan- guage be dropped, and then would feed the edited version back to Burger's chambers In Powell's chambers, his two liberal clerks kept up the pressure on their boss to join Brennan . .. ." "sG oldberg, supra note 19. 59 ld. 60 MARVELL, supra note 23, at 91. Published by IdeaExchange@UAkron, 1980 7 Akron Law RAevKieRwO,N V oLlA. 1W3 [R1E9V80IE],W Iss. 3, Art. 4 [Vol. 13:3 information.8 Given the historic confidential relationship between law clerk and judge, the fact that it appears that at least some clerks breached con- fidentiality may be significant in assessing their credibility. One might con- clude that those who did give supposedly confidential information to the authors are the very people in whose credibility one would be least likely to rely.62 Fifth, it appears that at least some of the authors sources have suc- cumbed to that all-too human tendency to attribute more importance to one's role than it really has. In spite of several explicit examples where Woodward and Armstrong portray the clerks as being unable to convince the Justices to change their opinions, there is nevertheless an impression created by much of the book that it is the clerks, and not the Justices, who really decide the cases. This, of course, raises the historic debate as to whether law clerks have too much "power" over the Justices."' In fact, "rumors " have "persisted" that certain Justices rely upon their law clerks too much. In the past such rumors attached to Chief Justice Vinson, Justices Murphy, Burton, Black, and Clark. 4 Although the debate will no doubt continue, it is difficult to believe that a "highly skilled, middle-aged judge, with years of practice and judicial experience behind him; having read the briefs of the parties and discussed the case with his colleagues on the bench," is going to be swayed by the "personal philosophy" of a recent law graduate, no matter how well edu- cated s/he may be."' This view has been attested to by studies concerning the lower court which indicate that, from the perspective of both the judges and the law clerks, the law clerks change the minds of the judges very seldom and, when they do, it is a change based upon new information concerning the facts or the law and not upon philosophy or judicial doctrine."6 As if the foregoing methodological complications were not enough, the authors attempted to go beyond the "facts" and tried to "attribute thoughts, feelings, conclusions, predispositions and motivations to each of e' For considerations of the debate over whether there was a breach of confidentiality, and if so, its extent, see, e.g., Breach of Court Secrecy Angers Former Clerks, The National Law Journal, December 17, 1979, at 17; Press, Ma, Howard & Kasindorf, Does the Book Go To Far?, NEWSWEEK, December 10, 1979, p. 78; Editorial, The Court's New Clothes, The National Law Journal, December 17, 1979 at 18; Scarboro, supra note 18. Far more serious breaches of confidentiality by law clerks involving advanced dis- closure of the results of cases have occurred in the past, one of which resulted in an in- dictment of a United States Supreme Court law clerk, see Newland, supra note 23, at 310; Sweeney, In [The] United States Court of Appeals, 33 ALA. LAWYER 171 (1972); MARVELL, supra note 23, at 9. 62 1... another serious subtext is the patronizing, self-infatuated trivialization, by recent clerks' of the relation of clerkship-. . ." Adler, supra note 16, at 25, col. 2. 68 E.g., Rehnquist, Who Writes the Decisions of the Supreme Court, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, December 13, 1957, at 74. 64 Newland, supra note 23, at 315. As to Justice Black, cf. Dennis, Overcoming Occupational Heredity at the Supreme Court, 66 A.B.A.J. 41, 42 (1980). 65 Johnson, What Do Law Clerks Do? 22 TEx. B.J. 229, 261 (1959). 66 MARVELL, supra note 23, at 91-96. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol13/iss3/4 8 Winter, 1980] AyBnOesO: KB oRoEkV RIEevWiew the Justices."" This resulted in an approach, not unlike a historical novel, in which the authors attempt to bring the reader into the mind of each of the Justices: "Stewart knew . . ."I' "Stewart thought . . .,"' "The Chief was now angry."7" Stewart and Black were worried.""1 Brennan felt'"2 "Rehn- quist realized . . .'"I The examples are numerous.' Having concluded that the general portrait of the Court as presented by The Brethren is one which was already known, and that the more specific information set forth is presented in such a manner that the reader cannot fairly form an opinion as to whether it should be credited or not, the question still remains whether the book has any "usefulness." If we assume the truth of the view presented by the authors, what can or should we do? Out of the "Watergate" scandal revelations were made which produced action. Special prosecutors were appointed; criminal prosecution commenced; and impeachment proceedings initiated. In the long run those who were exposed were removed from positions of power. Institutionally a standing office of the special prosecutor was created;"5 and statutes were enacted to cover the disposition of presidential records."6 In marked contrast, in The Brethren, no information is provided from which any wrong-doing can be inferred, nor upon which any institutional reform can be predicated. In fact, the only criticism of the current Court as an "institution" seems to be a feeling that the Justices are sometimes involved in "shading votes" and making "deals" on cases rather than voting their personal convictions.' But the surpising fact is not that this may occur, but that anyone would expect a Court composed of nine individuals to be able to reach any concensus without compromise.Ts As Llewellyn has noted, in order for the opinion of a multiple-member Court to be a "group expression," there must be a process of "consultation" which "goes some distance to smooth the unevenness of individual temper and training into a moving average more 67 B. WOODWARD & S. ARmSTRONG, supra note 22, at 4. 68 Id. at 54. 69 Id. at 55. TOI d.a t 321. 71Id. at 85. 72 Id. 73Id. at 411. 74A review of Adler's list of such phrases includes: "Burger was furious." "Harlan was furious." "Brennan was furious." Adler, supra note 16, at 25. 75 38 Fed. Reg. 30739 (1974) as amended by 38 Fed. Reg. 32805 (1974). See also 28 U.S.C. § 591 et. seq. (Supp. 1980). 76 44 U.S.C. § 2101 et. seq. (Supp. 1980). "7 NEwswEEK, supra note 6, at 76. 78 ". .the Justice might, in deference to the Justices, add to or subtract from the opinion or make ambiguous what had been explicit; for the need to hold a majority was an ever- present consideration." Brudney & Wolfson, Mr. Justice Rutledge-Law Clerk's Reflections, 25 IND. L.J. 455, 458 (1959). Published by IdeaExchange@UAkron, 1980 9