hand book KEY NOTES TERMS DEFINITIONS FORMULAE Chemistry Highly Useful for Class XI & XII Students, Engineering & Medical Entrances and Other Competitions hand book KEY NOTES TERMS DEFINITIONS FORMULAE Chemistry Highly Useful for Class XI & XII Students, Engineering & Medical Entrances and Other Competitions Preeti Gupta Supported by Saleha Khan Shahana Ansari ARIHANT PRAKASHAN, (SERIES) MEERUT Arihant Prakashan (Series), Meerut All Rights Reserved © Publisher No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, web or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. Arihant has obtained all the information in this book from the sources believed to be reliable and true. However, Arihant or its editors or authors or illustrators don’t take any responsibility for the absolute accuracy of any information published and the damages or loss suffered there upon. All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only. Administrative & Production Offices Regd. Office ‘Ramchhaya’ 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi -110002 Tele: 011- 47630600, 43518550; Fax: 011- 23280316 Head Office Kalindi, TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002 Tele: 0121-2401479, 2512970, 4004199; Fax: 0121-2401648 Sales & Support Offices Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bareilly, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jhansi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Meerut, Nagpur & Pune ISBN : 978-93-13196-49-5 Published by Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. For further information about the books published by Arihant log on to www.arihantbooks.com or email to [email protected] /arihantpub /@arihantpub Arihant Publications /arihantpub PREFACE Handbook means reference book listing brief facts on a subject. So, to facilitate the students in this we have released this Handbook of Chemistry this book has been prepared to serve the special purpose of the students, to rectify any query or any concern point of a particular subject. This book will be of highly use whether students are looking for a quick revision before the board exams or just before other examinations like Engineering Entrances, Medical Entrances or any similar examination, they will find that this handbook will answer their needs admirably. This handbook can even be used for revision of a subject in the time between two shift of the exams, even this handbook can be used while travelling to Examination Centre or whenever you have time, less sufficient or more. The format of this handbook has been developed particularly so that it can be carried around by the students conveniently. The objectives of publishing this handbook are : — To support students in their revision of a subject just before an examination. — To provide a focus to students to clear up their doubts about particular concepts which were not clear to them earlier. — To give confidence to the students just before they attempt important examinations. However, we have put our best efforts in preparing this book, but if any error or what so ever has been skipped out, we will by heart welcome your suggestions. A part from all those who helped in the compilation of this book a special note of thanks goes to Ms. Shivani of Arihant Publications. Author CONTENTS 1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1-14 — Chemistry — Dalton's Atomic Theory — Matter — Mole Concept — Atoms and Molecules — Atomic Mass — Physical Quantities and — Molecular Mass Their Measurement Units — Equivalent Mass — Dimensional Analysis — Stoichiometry — Scientific Notation — Per cent Yield — Precision and Accuracy — Empirical and Molecular — Laws of Chemical Formulae Combinations 2. Atomic Structure 15-29 — Atom — Planck's Quantum Theory — Electron — Bohr's Model — Proton — Sommerfeld Extension to — Neutron Bohr's Model — Thomson's Atomic Model — de-Broglie Principle — Rutherford's Nuclear — Heisenberg's Uncertainty Model of Atom Principle — Atomic Number — Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom — Mass Number — Electromagnetic Wave — Quantum Numbers Theory (Maxwell) — Electronic Configuration 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity 30-42 in Properties — Classification of Elements — Mendeleev's Periodic Table — Earlier Attempts of — Modern Periodic Table Classify Elements — Periodic Properties 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 43-59 — Chemical Bond — Resonance — Ionic Bond — VSEPR Theory — Born Haber Cycle — VBT Theory — Covalent Bond — Hybridisation — Octet Rule — MO Theory — Bond Characteristics — Hydrogen Bond — Dipole Moment — Metallic Bond — Fajan's Rule 5. States of Matter 60-72 — Factors Deciding Physical — Graham's Law Diffusion State of a Substance — Dalton's Law — The Gaseous state — Kinetic Theory of Gases — Boyle's Law — Van der Waals' Equation — Charles' Law — Liquefaction of Gases and — Gay Lussac's Law Critical Points — Avogadro's Law — Liquid State — Ideal Gas Equation 6. The Solid State 73-86 — Solids — Structure of Ionic Crystals — Bragg's Equation — Imperfections Defects in Solids — Unit Cell — Point Defects — Seven Crystal Systems — Classification of Solids on the — Packing Fraction Basis of Electrical — Coordination Number Conductivity — Density of Unit Cell — Magnetic Properties of Solids 7. Thermodynamics 87-100 — Thermodynamic — Various forms of Enthalpy of Properties Reaction — Laws of Thermochemistry — Thermodynamic Process — Bond Enthalpy ——InZteerrontahl LEanwer goyf (E or U) — Entropy (S) Thermodynamics — Spontaneous Process — First Law of — Second Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics — Enthalpy (H) — Joule Thomson Effect — Carnot Cycle — Third Law of — Gibbs Free Energy Thermodynamics 8. Chemical Equilibrium 101-107 — Physical and Chemical — Law of Mass Action Processes — Relation Between K and K c p — Types of Chemical — Types of Equilibrium Reactions — Reaction Quotient — Equilibrium State — Le-Chatelier's Principle 9. Ionic Equilibrium 108-120 — Electrolytes Weak Acid and Weak Base — Calculation of the Degree — Buffer Solutions of Dissociation (a) — Salts — Ostwald's Dilution Law — Common Ion Effect — Acids and Bases — Solubility Product — The pH Scale — Acid Base Indicator — Dissociation Constant of 10. Solutions 121-135 — Solubility — Azeotropic Mixture — Henry's Law — Colligative Properties — Concentration of — Osmotic Properties Solutions — Abnormal Molecular Masses — Raoult's Law — van't Hoff Factor (i) 11. Redox Reactions 136-143 — Oxidation Number — Balancing of Redox Chemical Equations 12. Electrochemistry 144-159 — Conductors — Electrochemical Series — Electrochemical Cell and — Nernst Equation Electrolytic Cell — Concentration Cell — Electrode Potential — Conductance (G) — Reference Electrode — Specific Conductivity — Electromotive Force (emf) — Molar Conductivity of a Cell — Kohlrausch's Law — Electrolysis — Batteries — Faraday's Laws of — Fuel Cells Electrolysis — Corrosion 13. Chemical Kinetics 160-169 — Rate of Reaction — Methods to Determine Order — Rate Law Expressions of Reaction — Rate Constant — Arrhenius Equation — Order and Molecularity of — Activated Complex a Reaction — Role of Catalyst in a Chemical — Zero Order Reactions Reaction — First Order Reactions — Theory of Reaction Rates — Pseudo First Order — Photochemical Reactions Reaction 14. Surface Chemistry 170-179 — Adsorbtion — Enzyme Catalysis — Catalysis 15. Colloidal State 180-187 — Classification of Colloids Solution — Preparation of Colloids — Protective Colloids — Purification of Colloidal — Emulsion Solutions — Gels — Properties of Colloidal — Applications of Colloids 16. Principles & Processes of Isolation 188-203 of Elements — Elements in Nature — Purification of Crude Metals — Minerals and Ores — Occurance and Extraction of — Metallurgy Some Metals — Thermodynamic Principle in Extraction of Metals 17. Hydrogen 204-216 — Position of Hydrogen in the — Water Periodic Table — Heavy Water — Dihydrogen — Soft and Hard Water — Different Forms of — Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen