Bongo Grammar Book Authors: Daniel Rabbi Moi Mario Lau Babur Kuduku Sister Mary Mangira Michael Simon Hagimir John Rapheal Zakenia Paul Mafoi Nyoul Gulluma Kuduku Trial Edition SIL-South Sudan 1 This book is used to teach how certain words correctly fit together in phrases, clauses, and sentences. © 2014, Bongo Translation and Literacy Project and SIL South Sudan Trial Edition 2014 Publisher: SIL-South Sudan Place of Publication: Juba 2 IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn In the Bongo language there are several different types of words: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, modifiers, adverbs, connectors, and others. We will learn about these in this book. We will also learn about how the words go together into groups of words called phrases, clauses, and sentences. The words and how they go together are called grammar. Learning about the words and groups of words in Bongo can help you become a better reader and writer. It is especially important for those writing books and translating Scripture to understand the lessons of this book. The lessons of the Bongo Consonant and Vowel Book should be learned before learning from this book. Most examples sentences in this book come from the stories at the back of this book. Some words such as ‘consonant’ and ‘vowel’ are used in this book without being explained. These words are explained in the Bongo Consonant and Vowel Book. If you forget their meaning, you can look them up in the glossary at the back of this book. There are many new words in this book which are used to explain the grammar of Bongo. Each new word is underlined and explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it explained in the glossary at the back of this book. This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson. The answers to the exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to understand the correct answer. Ask other Bongo if you need help. 3 CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnnttttssss IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnnttttssss .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeeessss .................................................................................................................................................. 5 NNNNoooouuuunnnnssss ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 PPPPlllluuuurrrraaaallll nnnnoooouuuunnnnssss .................................................................................................................................................. 15 CCCCoooouuuunnnnttttaaaabbbblllleeee aaaannnndddd uuuunnnnccccoooouuuunnnnttttaaaabbbblllleeee nnnnoooouuuunnnnssss................................................................................................................. 16 HHHHoooowwww NNNNoooouuuunnnnssss aaaarrrreeee UUUUsssseeeedddd .................................................................................................................................... 18 PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssssoooorrrr aaaannnndddd PPPPoooosssssssseeeesssssssseeeedddd NNNNoooouuuunnnnssss .................................................................................................................... 19 PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 DDDDeeeemmmmoooonnnnssssttttrrrraaaattttiiiivvvveeeessss ............................................................................................................................................. 25 SSSSaaaammmmeeee SSSSuuuubbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ((((LLLLooooggggoooopppphhhhoooorrrriiiicccc)))) ........................................................................................................... 29 OOOObbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt pppprrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ............................................................................................................................................ 32 PPPPrrrreeeeppppoooossssiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss ................................................................................................................................................... 36 PPPPrrrreeeeppppoooossssiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccciiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ............................................................................................................... 40 SSSSaaaammmmeeee ((((LLLLooooggggoooopppphhhhoooorrrriiiicccc)))) PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy PPPPrrrreeeeppppoooossssiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss ............................................................................ 46 PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssssoooorrrr PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ....................................................................................................................................... 47 SSSSaaaammmmeeee ((((LLLLooooggggoooopppphhhhoooorrrriiiicccc)))) PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssssoooorrrr PPPPrrrroooonnnnoooouuuunnnnssss ....................................................................................................... 53 NNNNuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ........................................................................................................................................................ 57 QQQQuuuuaaaannnnttttiiiittttiiiieeeessss ...................................................................................................................................................... 58 AAAAddddjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd IIIInnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnniiiitttteeee AAAAddddjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee .............................................................................................................. 60 MMMMooooddddiiiiffffiiiieeeerrrrssss....................................................................................................................................................... 63 RRRReeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss ............................................................................................................................................ 65 AAAAddddvvvveeeerrrrbbbbssss ......................................................................................................................................................... 68 NNNNoooouuuunnnn PPPPhhhhrrrraaaasssseeeessss ................................................................................................................................................ 70 VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ............................................................................................................................................................. 72 CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd ((((IIIImmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiivvvveeee)))) VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ....................................................................................................................... 74 IIIInnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee ((((IIIImmmmppppeeeerrrrffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee)))) aaaannnndddd CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee ((((PPPPeeeerrrrffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee)))) VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ........................................................................ 77 DDDDeeeeppppeeeennnnddddeeeennnntttt ((((SSSSuuuubbbboooorrrrddddiiiinnnnaaaatttteeee,,,, RRRReeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee)))) CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss .................................................................................................. 81 VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss WWWWiiiitttthhhh BBBBeeeeggggiiiinnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg VVVVoooowwwweeeellllssss ..................................................................................................................... 83 IIIInnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnniiiitttteeee ((((MMMMiiiiddddddddlllleeee,,,, CCCCaaaauuuussssiiiittttiiiivvvveeee,,,, PPPPaaaassssssssiiiivvvveeee)))) VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ............................................................................................... 87 DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn vvvveeeerrrrbbbbssss .............................................................................................................................................. 90 RRRReeeeppppeeeettttiiiittttiiiivvvveeee ((((PPPPeeeerrrrffffeeeecccctttt)))) VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ............................................................................................................................. 92 HHHHeeeellllppppiiiinnnngggg ((((AAAAuuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy)))) VVVVeeeerrrrbbbbssss ............................................................................................................................ 93 PPPPaaaasssstttt hhhheeeellllppppiiiinnnngggg vvvveeeerrrrbbbb nnnnddddeeeeeeee ‘‘‘‘wwwwaaaassss,,,, bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee’’’’ ............................................................................................................ 97 DDDDeeeerrrriiiivvvveeeedddd NNNNoooouuuunnnnssss .............................................................................................................................................. 98 DDDDeeeerrrriiiivvvveeeedddd AAAAddddjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd MMMMooooddddiiiiffffiiiieeeerrrrssss .............................................................................................................. 104 CCCCoooommmmppppoooouuuunnnndddd WWWWoooorrrrddddssss aaaannnndddd PPPPhhhhrrrraaaasssseeeessss ................................................................................................................... 106 PPPPrrrreeeeffffiiiixxxxeeeessss aaaannnndddd SSSSuuuuffffffffiiiixxxxeeeessss .................................................................................................................................. 111 CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh eeeeqqqquuuuaaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnn vvvveeeerrrrbbbbssss ..................................................................................................................... 115 NNNNeeeeggggaaaattttiiiivvvveeeessss .................................................................................................................................................... 120 DDDDiiiirrrreeeecccctttt aaaannnndddd IIIInnnnddddiiiirrrreeeecccctttt SSSSppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh .......................................................................................................................... 126 MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss aaaannnndddd DDDDeeeeppppeeeennnnddddeeeennnntttt CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss ........................................................................................................ 130 CCCCoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss ((((ccccoooonnnnjjjjuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss))))........................................................................................................................... 130 DDDDeeeeppppeeeennnnddddeeeennnntttt CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeee CCCCoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss BBBBeeeeffffoooorrrreeee MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss .................................................................................. 130 MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeee CCCCoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss ............................................................................................................................. 130 4 DDDDeeeeppppeeeennnnddddeeeennnntttt CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeee CCCCoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss AAAAfffftttteeeerrrr MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeeessss .................................................................................... 130 RRRReeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee CCCCllllaaaauuuusssseeee CCCCoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss ........................................................................................................................ 130 QQQQuuuueeeessssttttiiiioooonnnn WWWWoooorrrrddddssss ((((IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrrrrrooooggggaaaattttiiiivvvveeeessss)))) ................................................................................................................. 130 FFFFooooccccuuuussss ........................................................................................................................................................... 130 BBBBoooonnnnggggoooo SSSSttttoooorrrriiiieeeessss .............................................................................................................................................. 130 Mämbïlïngänjä ye na Mämbïlïngämä; Kparkpar nya kilaa maa! (Mämb) ............................................. 131 Gihiꞌbala; Kparkpar nya kilaa maa! (Hiꞌbala) .................................................................................................. 142 Nyihi Ye na Magure; Kparkpar matiyoo ma! (Nyihi) .................................................................................. 155 Aꞌji kpawu na komo ba ka jekee! (Jekee) ............................................................................................................ 168 Nyere kunya (Nyere) ............................................................................................................................................. 173 Kidi na ꞌBata; Kparkpar matiyoo ma! (ꞌBata) ............................................................................... 176 Firi diꞌba luꞌba (Luꞌba) .......................................................................................................................... 180 GGGGlllloooossssssssaaaarrrryyyy ...................................................................................................................................................... 182 AAAAnnnnsssswwwweeeerrrrssss ttttoooo EEEExxxxeeeerrrrcccciiiisssseeeessss .................................................................................................................................. 188 SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeeessss In the Bongo Consonant and Vowel Book (BCVB) there are three spelling rules that help reading and writing. These are listed below along with the page number in BCVB where they are further explained. SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg RRRRuuuulllleeee 1111 (page 33 of BCVB): Do not mix light vowels uuuu,,,, iiii,,,, eeee,,,, oooo,,,, aaaa and heavy vowels üüüü,,,, ïïïï,,,, ëëëë,,,, öööö,,,, ääää together in the same word. That is, write all vowels in the same word with dots (for heavy vowels), or write all vowels in the same word without dots (for light vowels). Light vowels Heavy vowels hiru saliva hïlü hyena ngbangu okra kähü mushroom kire arrow hïgë mouse kure malaria bürë dust loki crowd ndöꞌjï semen gingo hook ngökü rubbish giya root ndïkä law SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 2222 (page 39 of BCVB): Write most words with a final vowel. Correct Wrong abelllliiii maize abellll maize korrrriiii footprint kori footprint alammmmuuuu curse alammmm curse ngöönnnnüüüü snore ngöönnnn snore ämönnnnyyyyüüüü eat ämönnnnyyyy eat SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 3333 (page 41 of BCVB): At the end of words, write yyyy or wwww before a final vowel. Do 5 not write yyyy or wwww at the end of words without a final vowel. Do not write two vowels together without a yyyy or wwww separating them. Correct Wrong gewwwwuuuu town gewwww geuuuu town lawwwwuuuu clothing item lawwww lauuuu clothing item häwwwwüüüü yawn häwwww häüüüü yawn ꞌboyyyyiiii trap ꞌboyyyy ꞌboiiii trap amayyyyiiii come amayyyy amaiiii come yëyyyyïïïï boat, canoe yëyyyy yëïïïï boat, canoe In this book, we learn several other spelling rules. They are first listed here, then we learn more about them on the pages shown. SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 4444 (page 21-56): Write all pronouns as separate words. Pronouns Subject Object/ Posessor Emphasis Incomplete Complete Intr. by prep. close relat. distant relat. ma mi ma ma ama ꞌbagamaa I, me, my ï ï ï ï ꞌbïï ꞌbägäyëë you (sg), your ba bi ba ba (a)ba ꞌbagabaa he, him, his hu hu hu hu ꞌbahu ꞌbagahoo she, her ni ni ne ne ꞌbene ꞌbaganee (s)he, him/her —– —– ne —– —– —– it je ji je je je ꞌbagajee we, us, our he hi he he ꞌbehe ꞌbagahee you (pl), your ye yi ye ye ꞌbeye ꞌbagayee they, them, their SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 5555 (page 36-47): Write all prepositions as separate words, but connected to another preposition: Prepositions Connected prepositions nnnnaaaa with ddddiiiiddddaaaannnnggggaaaa from beside hhhhiiii in ddddiiiiddddoooo from on (thing) ddddoooo on ddddiiiirrrroooo from on rrrroooo for, at, on ddddiiiihhhhiiii from in ggggbbbboooo as far as, up to, until (place) ddddiiiiꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa from at (place) ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa to, in (place) ddddiiiijjjjiiii from to (person) jjjjiiii to, for (person) ddddiiiikkkkoooorrrriiii from around ddddiiii for (adverb, modifier) ddddiiiiddddooookkkkoooorrrriiii from along kkkkoooorrrriiii around, about, before ggggbbbboooorrrroooo as far as ggggbbbbaaaannnnaaaa with ggggbbbbooooddddoooo up to, as far as ddddaaaannnnggggaaaa next to ggggbbbboooojjjjiiii up to ddddoooonnnnggggaaaarrrraaaa between hhhhiiiiddddoooo in on hhhhooooggggoooo behind hhhhiiiikkkkoooorrrriiii in around 6 nnnnaaaahhhhiiii with in nnnnaaaaddddoooo with on nnnnaaaajjjjiiii with to, for (person) ddddoooohhhhooooggggoooo behind Correct Wrong Ma amayi ddddoooo mbaaganja. Ma amayi ddddoooombaaganja. I come oooonnnn a car. Ma amayi ggggbbbboooo bïdï. Ma amayi ggggbbbboooobïdï. I come uuuupppp ttttoooo a pasture. Ma amayi nnnnaaaa ꞌjïï. Ma amayi nnnnaaaaꞌjïï. I come wwwwiiiitttthhhh a person. Ma amayi ddddiiiihhhhiiii mbaaganja. Ma amayi ddddiiii hhhhiiii mbaaganja. I come ffffrrrroooommmm iiiinnnnssssiiiiddddeeee a car. Ma amayi nnnnaaaaddddoooo mbaaganja. Ma amayi nnnnaaaa ddddoooo mbaaganja. I come wwwwiiiitttthhhh oooonnnn a car. Ma amayi ddddiiiiddddooookkkkoooorrrriiii mbaaganja. Ma amayi ddddiiii ddddoooo kkkkoooorrrriiii mbaaganja. I come ffffrrrroooommmm aaaalllloooonnnngggg a car. Correct Wrong Ba amayi jjjjiiii ma. Ba amayi jjjjiiiima. He comes ttttoooo me. Ba amayi jjjjiiii ï. Ba amayi jjjjïïïïï. He comes ttttoooo you(sg). Ba amayi jjjjiiii ba. Ba amayi jjjjiiiiba. He comes ttttoooo him. Ba amayi jjjjiiii hu. Ba amayi jjjjiiiihu. He comes ttttoooo her. Ba amayi jjjjiiii ne. Ba amayi jjjjiiiine. He comes ttttoooo him/her (same) Ba amayi jjjjiiii je. Ba amayi jjjjiiiije. He comes ttttoooo us. Ba amayi jjjjiiii he. Ba amayi jjjjiiiihe. He comes ttttoooo you(pl). Ba amayi jjjjiiii ye. Ba amayi jjjjiiiiye. He comes ttttoooo them. SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 6666 (page 19-20, 25, 81-82, 93-98, 115-119): Write all the following as separate words: kkkkaaaaaaaa will (future) kkkkaaaa is, be, as nnnnjjjjaaaa not kkkkiiii if nnnnaaaa this, these nnnnjjjjaaaaaaaa not ddddiiii when, since, that, who nnnnaaaabbbbiiii did (evidence) uuuunnnnjjjjaaaa not ddddaaaa when, since, that, who hhhhiiiibbbbiiii did (continuous) wwwwaaaa not nnnnyyyyaaaa as, while nnnnjjjjaaaa did wwwwaaaallllaaaa not ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa of nnnnddddeeeeeeee was (past) wwwwiiiilllleeee not nnnnaaaakkkkaaaa like, as ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbboooo had (perfect) ddddaaaammmmaaaayyyyiiii afterwards kkkkaaaabbbbaaaa like SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 7777 (page 77-79, 87-88, 98-111): Write the following as attached prefixes and words: Derived nouns Correct Wrong bbbbiiii---- pati praise (verb) bbbbiiiipati praise (noun) bbbbiiii pati praise ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbiiii---- anduꞌba beg (verb) ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbiiiinduꞌba beggar ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbiiii nduꞌba beggar mmmmaaaa---- hïmü relative mmmmäääähïmü relative ggggiiii maa baby ggggiiii---- maa child ggggiiiimaa baby mmmmääää hïmü relative kkkkiiii---- aci become hot (verb) kkkkiiiici ‘hot’ kkkkiiii ci ‘hot’ mmmmaaaa---- kunya bad (adjective) mmmmaaaakunya ‘bad’ (modifier) mmmmaaaa kunya ‘bad’ ddddoooo rüü house ddddöööörüü roof ddddöööö rüü roof 7 hhhhiiii rüü house hhhhïïïïrüü floor hhhhïïïï rüü floor ddddiiii komo eyes ddddiiiikomo through (adverb) ddddiiii komo through aaaaꞌꞌꞌꞌjjjjiiii moko war aaaaꞌꞌꞌꞌjjjjiiiimoko weapon aaaaꞌꞌꞌꞌjjjjiiii moko weapon bbbbiiiihhhhiiii ndugu price bbbbiiiihhhhiiiindugu market bbbbiiiihhhhiiii ndugu market aaaa---- ga chased (verb) aaaaga chases aaaa ga chases uuuu---- ga chased (verb) uuuuga someone chased uuuu ga s.o. chased SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 8888 (page 74-75): The command marker ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa is connected when directly following a verb, but separate after je or he. Önyüꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbääää Eat! Gaꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Chase! Önyü he ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Eat (pl)! Ga he ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Chase (pl)! Önyü je ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Let us both eat! Ga je ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Let us both chase! Önyü je he ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Let us all eat! Ga je he ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa Let us all chase! SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 9999 (page 83-85): Command verbs with beginning vowel (such as AAAAyyyyiiiiꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa ‘Come!’ and ÖÖÖÖnnnnyyyyüüüüꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbääää ‘Eat!’) are written with beginning mmmm in complete form (such as BBBBiiii mmmmaaaayyyyiiii ‘He came’ and BBBBiiii mmmmöööönnnnyyyyüüüü ‘He ate’). IIIInnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt WWWWrrrroooonnnngggg MMMMaaaa amayi. IIII come. MMMMiiii mayi. MMMMayi. IIII came. ÏÏÏÏ amayi. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) come. ÏÏÏÏ mayi. Ayi. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) came. BBBBaaaa amayi. HHHHeeee comes. BBBBiiii mayi. BBBBayi. HHHHeeee came. HHHHuuuu amayi. SSSShhhheeee comes. HHHHuuuu mayi. HHHHayi. SSSShhhheeee came. NNNNiiii amayi. ((((SSSS))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) comes. NNNNiiii mayi. NNNNayi. ((((SSSS))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) came. JJJJeeee amayi. WWWWeeee come. JJJJiiii mayi. JJJJayi. WWWWeeee came. HHHHeeee amayi. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) come. HHHHiiii mayi. HHHHayi. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) came. YYYYeeee amayi. TTTThhhheeeeyyyy come. YYYYiiii mayi. YYYYayi. TTTThhhheeeeyyyy came. IIIInnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt WWWWrrrroooonnnngggg MMMMaaaa ämönyü. IIII eat. MMMMiiii mönyü. MMMMönyü. IIII ate. ÏÏÏÏ ämönyü. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) eat. ÏÏÏÏ mönyü. Önyü. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) ate. BBBBaaaa ämönyü. HHHHeeee eats. BBBBiiii mönyü. BBBBönyü. HHHHeeee ate. HHHHuuuu ämönyü. SSSShhhheeee eats. HHHHuuuu mönyü. HHHHönyü. SSSShhhheeee ate. NNNNiiii ämönyü. ((((SSSS))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) eats. NNNNiiii mönyü. NNNNönyü. ((((SSSS))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) ate. JJJJeeee ämönyü. WWWWeeee eat. JJJJiiii mönyü. JJJJönyü. WWWWeeee ate. HHHHeeee ämönyü. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) eat. HHHHiiii mönyü. HHHHönyü. YYYYoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) ate. YYYYeeee ämönyü. TTTThhhheeeeyyyy eat. YYYYiiii mönyü. YYYYönyü. TTTThhhheeeeyyyy ate. After dependent words (ddddaaaa,,,, ddddiiii ‘when, that’), these verbs are written separately in incomplete form (such as BBBBaaaa ddddaaaa mmmmaaaayyyyiiii ‘When he comes’) and connected in complete form (such as BBBBiiii ddddaaaayyyyiiii ‘When he came’). IIIInnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee 8 CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt WWWWrrrroooonnnngggg CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeecccctttt MMMMaaaa da mayi, MMMMaaaa dayi, When IIII come, MMMMiiii dayi, When IIII came, ÏÏÏÏ da mayi, When yyyyoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) come, ÏÏÏÏ dayi, When yyyyoooouuuu ((((ssssgggg)))) came, BBBBaaaa da mayi, BBBBaaaa dayi, When hhhheeee comes, BBBBiiii dayi, When hhhheeee came, HHHHuuuu da mayi, When sssshhhheeee comes, HHHHuuuu dayi, When sssshhhheeee came, NNNNiiii da mayi, When ((((ssss))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) comes, NNNNiiii dayi, When ((((ssss))))hhhheeee ((((ssssaaaammmmeeee)))) came, JJJJeeee da mayi, JJJJeeee dayi, When wwwweeee come, JJJJiiii dayi, When wwwweeee came, HHHHeeee da mayi, HHHHeeee dayi, When yyyyoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) come, HHHHiiii dayi, When yyyyoooouuuu ((((ppppllll)))) came, YYYYeeee da mayi, YYYYeeee dayi, When tttthhhheeeeyyyy come, YYYYiiii dayi, When tttthhhheeeeyyyy came, SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 11110000 (page 106-111): Write words connected if there they have a different meaning from when they are separate or alone (otherwise, write them as separate words). Correct Wrong hiliꞌbu hi liꞌbu snail hi liꞌbu in the hive dohogo do hogo behind do hogo on the back gbondokada gbondo kada time gbondo kada leg of the sun mokogimaa moko gimaa labor pain moko gimaa fighting of the child komokendi komo kendi cleverness komo kendi eyes of correctness bihindugu bihi ndugu market bihi ndugu place of the price kilingba do kilingbado skull kilingba do bone of the head hiꞌbana komo hiꞌbanakomo eyelid hiꞌbana komo skin of the eye firi kunu firikunu important matter firi kunu important matter SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 11111111 (page 106-111): Write words connected if the vowels of one word become heavy when next to the heavy vowels of the other word (otherwise, write them as separate words). Correct Wrong Original words äꞌjïmönyü äꞌjï mönyü food aꞌji thing ämönyü eating hïꞌbëë hï ꞌbëë courtyard hi in ꞌbëë home dödïlï dö dïlï ghost do on dïlï shadow lëꞌjïcüka lëꞌjï cüka bubble lëꞌjï beer cuka smoke hïrökägä hïrö kägä flower hïrö liver kaga trees mömü gimaa mömügimaa daughter-in-law mömü wife gimaa child bïï komo bïïkomo eye lash bïï hair komo eyes SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg rrrruuuulllleeee 11112222 (page 90-91): Write ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee connected to a verb before it. (Do not connect ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee to any other words.) Correct Wrong ayiꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeeeꞌba ayi ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeeeꞌba must come here gaꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee ga ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee chased coming aꞌdoꞌduꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee aꞌdoꞌdu ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee collected coming atingeꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee atinge ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee got coming ängürüꞌꞌꞌꞌddddëëëëëëëë ängürü ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddëëëëëëëë called to come 9 amoloꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee amolo ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee rushed coming leꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee le ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee looked towards Bi ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee danga hu. Biꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee danga hu. He came beside her. SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg RRRRuuuulllleeee 11113333 (page 111-114): Write the following prefixes, suffixes and words as heavy when attached to a heavy word. Prefix, Suffix or Word Original Word New Word Plural noun ----eeeeeeee täꞌngä antelope täꞌngëëëëëëëë antelopes Object pronoun ----eeeeeeee,,,, ----oooooooo ätü pound ätöööööööö pound it Command ----ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbaaaa äcï beat Cïꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbääää Beat! Direction ----ꞌꞌꞌꞌddddeeeeeeee älö remove älöꞌꞌꞌꞌddddëëëëëëëë remove coming Incomplete aaaa---- Tüꞌbä Pound! äääätü pounds Indefinite uuuu---- äꞌjë get üüüüꞌjë someone gets Action noun bbbbiiii---- äꞌbï give bbbbïïïïꞌbï giving Person noun ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbiiii---- wängä greed ꞌꞌꞌꞌbbbbïïïïwängä greedy person Small noun ggggiiii---- kütü shelter ggggïïïïkütü small shelter ?? mmmmaaaa---- hïmü relative mmmmäääähïmü relative Adjective kkkkiiii---- ädï be cold kkkkïïïïdï cold Modifier mmmmaaaa---- kïnyï tasty mmmmääääkïnyëë sweet ‘on’ ddddoooo hii soil ddddoooohii earth ‘in’ hhhhiiii hïmü relative hhhhïïïïhïmü rotten ‘thing’ aaaaꞌꞌꞌꞌjjjjiiii ämönyü eat ääääꞌꞌꞌꞌjjjjïïïïmönyü food Exercise 1 Carefully read and say each test word below. The letters in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly ꞌbikülü jealous person ꞌbïkülü mäkïnyë sweetness _____________________ ahü grind _____________________ hïrökaga flower _____________________ hïꞌbëë courtyard _____________________ beeri open land _____________________ dorüü roof _____________________ ꞌbimängïrï coward _____________________ tïngöl mortar, bowl _____________________ alew look at, watch _____________________ dödïlï ghost, spirit _____________________ ätünyü smell _____________________ ꞌjögöm testicle _____________________ külüï python _____________________ föü early _____________________ ngöön snore _____________________ lany gun _____________________ ngayi table _____________________ ga ꞌdee chased coming _____________________ Mi dayi, When I came, _____________________ Ba dayi, When he comes _____________________ bïïkömö eye lash _____________________ kilingba do skull _____________________ Bi mönyü. He ate. _____________________ gbondo kada time _____________________ hi ꞌbëë courtyard _____________________ Yayi. They came. _____________________ mähïmü relative _____________________ 10