Bone and Joint Infections Bone and Joint Infections From Microbiology to Diagnostics and Treatment Editor Werner Zimmerli This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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Cover image: Courtesy Werner Zimmerli Cover design by Soephian Zainal Set in 10/11.5pt Times New Roman by SPi Publishers Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 This book is dedicated to my wife Annelies, and my children, Simone, Joëlle, and Laurent, who sometimes queued behind the kind of patients described in this book. Contents Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Werner Zimmerli Chapter 2 Microbiology of Bone and Joint Infections 5 Seong Yeol Ryu and Robin Patel Microorganisms in Osteomyelitis 5 Microorganisms in Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infection 7 Microorganisms in Native Joint Arthritis 10 Diagnostic Approach in Osteomyelitis 11 Diagnostic Approach in Foreign Body–Associated Infection 12 Diagnostic Approach in Native Joint Infection 15 Novel Diagnostic Procedures 17 Acknowledgment 17 References 17 Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone 21 Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jürgen B. Bulitta, and Fritz Sörgel Pharmacokinetics 21 Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis 22 Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis 23 Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone 24 Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 31 Conclusions 34 Key Points 34 References 35 vii viii Contents Chapter 4 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery 39 Lorenzo Calabro, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan Moriarty Introduction 39 Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection 40 Overview of Animal Models 42 Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma 42 Animal Osteomyelitis Models Incorporating Trauma 46 Hematogenous Models 47 Future Directions 48 Conclusion 49 Key Points 49 References 49 Chapter 5 Native Joint Arthritis in Children 55 Pablo Yagupsky Introduction 55 Epidemiology 55 Microbiology 56 Pathogenesis 61 Clinical Presentation 62 Laboratory Investigation 63 Imaging Studies 66 Differential Diagnosis 66 Treatment 67 Prognosis 71 Key Points 72 References 72 Chapter 6 Native Joint Arthritis 77 Ilker Uçkay, Mohamed Al-Mayahi, Domizio Suvà, Daniel Lew, and Pierre Vaudaux Introduction 77 Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology 77 Diagnosis 79 Treatment 81 Outcome of Native Joint Septic Arthritis 87 Key Points 88 Acknowledgments 88 References 88 Chapter 7 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints 93 Werner Zimmerli Septic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 93 Key Points 98 Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis 98 Key Points 103 Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint 103 Key Points 107 References 107