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Bonds Risk and Valuation – Akin Dawodu, Citibank PDF

25 Pages·2011·0.32 MB·English
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SEC  BOND  TRAINING  WORKSHOP   September  2011 Table of Contents 1.    Nigerian  Debt  Markets   1   2.    Primary  and  Secondary  Markets  and  Trading  in  Nigeria   5   3.    Pricing  and  Valua:on  of  Fixed  Income  Instruments   8   4.    Risks  Associated  with  Inves:ng  in  Bonds   13   5.   Measurement  of  Interest  Rate  Risk     16   6.   Accoun:ng  Treatment  of  Fixed  Income  PorEolio   20 1. Nigerian  Debt  Markets Bonds     —  A  bond  is  a  debt  security.     —  The  bond  investor  lends  money  to  a  government,  corporaOon,  municipal  authority,  company  or   any  other  enOty  known  as  an  issuer.     —  In  return  for  this  investment,  the  issuer  promises  to  pay  a  periodic  interest  to  the  investor  (a   coupon)  over  the  life  of  the  bond  and  then  re-­‐pay  the  face  value  of  the  bond  (the  principal)  at   maturity.   —  Bonds  are  also  called  fixed  income  securiOes  because  the  cash  flow  from  them  is  fixed.     —  Bonds  are  debt  instruments  as  opposed  to  stocks  which  are  equity  instruments. Types  of  Bonds  and  their  characteris:cs   Zero  Coupon  Bond:  Bears  no  coupon,  issued  at  a  discount  to  face  value   Plain  Vanilla  Bond:  Makes  periodic  coupon  payments,  pays  principal  at  maturity   Accrual  Bond:  a  fixed-­‐interest  bond  that  is  issued  at  its  face  value  and  repaid  at  the  end  of  the   maturity  period  together  with  the  accrued  interest.     Step-­‐up  Bond:  Coupon  rate  increases  over  Ome   Deferred  Coupon  Bond:  Interest  payments  are  deferred  for  a  specified  number  of  years.     Floa:ng  Rate  Bond:  Coupon  rate  resets  periodically  based  on  some  formula  with  reference  to  a   parOcular  rate.    Infla:on  linked  Bond:  The  principal  is  indexed  to  inflaOon.    InflaOon-­‐indexed  bonds  pay  a  periodic   coupon  that  is  equal  to  the  product  of  the  inflaOon  index  and  the  nominal  coupon  rate.     Others:  Eurobonds,  Corporate  bonds,  Municipal  bonds Players   Debt  Management  Office:  Issues  government  securiOes  with  ability  to  buy  back,  Regulates  the  Bond  market,  Manages  Federal   Government  domesOc  and  foreign  debts   Central  Bank:  Buys  and  sells  government  securiOes,  changes  discount/re-­‐discount  rate,  issues  specific  regulaOons  to  guide  the   market  ,  banker  to  the  government   Foreign  Investors:  Maximize  investment  opportuniOes,  Purchase  govt.  securiOes  to  meet  por_olio  requirements,  Buy  and  sell   to  manage  liquidity/cash  flow  needs   Government  Agencies:  Buy  for  returns  and  security   Ins:tu:onal  Investors/  Non  Bank  Financial  Ins:tu:ons:  Maximize  investment  opportuniOes,  purchase  govt.  securiOes  to  meet   por_olio  requirements,  buy  and  sell  to  manage  liquidity/cash  flow  needs   Individuals:  Buy  for  returns  and  security   Banks/  Discount  Houses:  primary  dealers,  make  market  by  buying  and  selling  securiOes,  maximize  profit  from  trading  in  govt.   securiOes,  purchase  securiOes  to  meet  statutory  requirements   Individuals, 0.06 Other Institutional Investors, 6.88 Foreign Deposit Money Investors, 20.59 Banks, 34.75 Pension Funds, 21.27 Non-Bank Financial Discount Houses, Institutions, 12.95 3.50 2.  Primary  and  Secondary  Markets  Trading  in  Nigeria Primary  Market/Underwri:ng/Regula:on   Primary  Market:     –  This  is  where  securiOes  are  first  issued  usually  through  an  aucOon  process  (new  issue  market).     –  SecuriOes  are  issued  every  month  except  December  ,  three  maturiOes  are  usually  on  offer   every  month,  DMO  offers  3,  5,  7,  10  and  20  year  bonds   –  DMO  publishes  the  offer  details  at  least  one  week  in  advance  of  the  aucOon,  on  the  DMO’s   website  and  in  major  naOonal  dailies.  Primary  Dealers  submit  bids  for  their  proprietary   account  and  on  behalf  of  their  customers   –  The  aucOon  for  bonds  is  a  Single  Price  Dutch  AucOon,  all  winning  bids  are  awarded  securiOes   at  the  highest  yield  accepted  by  DMO,  mulOple  bids  are  permided   –  Bids  must  be  for  a  minimum  of  NGN10,000.00  and  in  mulOples  of  NGN1,000.00  thereaeer,   sedlement  is  usually  SPOT  i.e.  T  +  2,  CerOficates  are  issued  to  successful  bidders.  SecuriOes   may  be  in  dematerialized  form  (book  entry)   Underwri:ng:  The  funcOon  of  buying  the  securiOes  from  the  issuer  is  called  underwriOng.  When   an  investment  banking  firm  buys  the  securiOes  from  the  issuer  and  accepts  the  risk  of  selling  the   securiOes  to  investors  at  a  lower  price,  it  is  referred  to  as  an  underwriter.   Regula:on:  The  Nigerian  Primary  Dealer  Market  Maker  (PDMM)  system  is  regulated  by  the  Debt   Management  Office  (DMO).  It  ensures  that  all  primary  dealers  abide  by  all  primary  issuance   aucOon  rules  and  requirements  established  by  it Secondary  Market     Secondary  Market:     –  This  is  where  dealers  make  markets  by  conOnuous  bid  and  offer  quotes  for  bills  already  issued  in  the   primary  market.  Large  quanOOes  of  bonds  are  traded  daily   –  Usually  very  compeOOve  market  with  small  margins,  the  secondary  market  is  a  more  liquid  financial   market   –  Dealers’  profits  in  this  market  are  generated  from:  bid-­‐offer  spread,  appreciaOon/depreciaOon  in  the   value  of  securiOes  held,  the  difference  between  the  interest  earned  on  securiOes  vs.  cost  of  financing   –  All  PDMMs  and  non-­‐PDMMs  who  have  signed  up  to  the  two-­‐way  quote  guidelines  parOcipate  in  the   secondary  market   –  Deals  are  done  on  phone  and  Reuters  dealing  system,  The  secondary  market  is  also  guided  by  the   Guidelines  for  Two  Way  Quote  Trading  in  FGN  Bonds     –  The  DMO  is  also  responsible  for  monitoring  the  acOviOes  of  PDMMs  in  the  secondary  market   Broker:  A  Broker  is  an  agent  who  executes  orders  to  buy  or  sell  securiOes  on  behalf  of  a  client  in  exchange  for  a   commission.   Dealer:  A  dealer  is  an  enOty  who  stands  ready  and  willing  to  buy  a  security  for  its  own  account  (at  its  bid  price)   or  sell  from  its  own  account  (at  its  ask  price).  The  difference  between  a  broker  and  a  dealer  is  that  while  a   dealer  makes  trades  for  its  own  account  a  broker  makes  trades  on  behalf  of  others.   Market-­‐maker:  This  is  an  enOty  that  quotes  both  a  buy  and  a  sell  price  in  a  financial  instrument  or  commodity   held  in  inventory. 3.  Pricing  and  Valua:on  of  Fixed  Income  Instruments

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por olio requirements, buy and sell to manage liquidity/cash flow needs. Individuals: Buy for returns and security. Banks/ Discount Houses: primary dealers, make market by buying and selling securiaes, maximize profit from trading in govt. securiaes website and in major naaonal dailies. Primary
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