SEC BOND TRAINING WORKSHOP September 2011 Table of Contents 1. Nigerian Debt Markets 1 2. Primary and Secondary Markets and Trading in Nigeria 5 3. Pricing and Valua:on of Fixed Income Instruments 8 4. Risks Associated with Inves:ng in Bonds 13 5. Measurement of Interest Rate Risk 16 6. Accoun:ng Treatment of Fixed Income PorEolio 20 1. Nigerian Debt Markets Bonds A bond is a debt security. The bond investor lends money to a government, corporaOon, municipal authority, company or any other enOty known as an issuer. In return for this investment, the issuer promises to pay a periodic interest to the investor (a coupon) over the life of the bond and then re-‐pay the face value of the bond (the principal) at maturity. Bonds are also called fixed income securiOes because the cash flow from them is fixed. Bonds are debt instruments as opposed to stocks which are equity instruments. Types of Bonds and their characteris:cs Zero Coupon Bond: Bears no coupon, issued at a discount to face value Plain Vanilla Bond: Makes periodic coupon payments, pays principal at maturity Accrual Bond: a fixed-‐interest bond that is issued at its face value and repaid at the end of the maturity period together with the accrued interest. Step-‐up Bond: Coupon rate increases over Ome Deferred Coupon Bond: Interest payments are deferred for a specified number of years. Floa:ng Rate Bond: Coupon rate resets periodically based on some formula with reference to a parOcular rate. Infla:on linked Bond: The principal is indexed to inflaOon. InflaOon-‐indexed bonds pay a periodic coupon that is equal to the product of the inflaOon index and the nominal coupon rate. Others: Eurobonds, Corporate bonds, Municipal bonds Players Debt Management Office: Issues government securiOes with ability to buy back, Regulates the Bond market, Manages Federal Government domesOc and foreign debts Central Bank: Buys and sells government securiOes, changes discount/re-‐discount rate, issues specific regulaOons to guide the market , banker to the government Foreign Investors: Maximize investment opportuniOes, Purchase govt. securiOes to meet por_olio requirements, Buy and sell to manage liquidity/cash flow needs Government Agencies: Buy for returns and security Ins:tu:onal Investors/ Non Bank Financial Ins:tu:ons: Maximize investment opportuniOes, purchase govt. securiOes to meet por_olio requirements, buy and sell to manage liquidity/cash flow needs Individuals: Buy for returns and security Banks/ Discount Houses: primary dealers, make market by buying and selling securiOes, maximize profit from trading in govt. securiOes, purchase securiOes to meet statutory requirements Individuals, 0.06 Other Institutional Investors, 6.88 Foreign Deposit Money Investors, 20.59 Banks, 34.75 Pension Funds, 21.27 Non-Bank Financial Discount Houses, Institutions, 12.95 3.50 2. Primary and Secondary Markets Trading in Nigeria Primary Market/Underwri:ng/Regula:on Primary Market: – This is where securiOes are first issued usually through an aucOon process (new issue market). – SecuriOes are issued every month except December , three maturiOes are usually on offer every month, DMO offers 3, 5, 7, 10 and 20 year bonds – DMO publishes the offer details at least one week in advance of the aucOon, on the DMO’s website and in major naOonal dailies. Primary Dealers submit bids for their proprietary account and on behalf of their customers – The aucOon for bonds is a Single Price Dutch AucOon, all winning bids are awarded securiOes at the highest yield accepted by DMO, mulOple bids are permided – Bids must be for a minimum of NGN10,000.00 and in mulOples of NGN1,000.00 thereaeer, sedlement is usually SPOT i.e. T + 2, CerOficates are issued to successful bidders. SecuriOes may be in dematerialized form (book entry) Underwri:ng: The funcOon of buying the securiOes from the issuer is called underwriOng. When an investment banking firm buys the securiOes from the issuer and accepts the risk of selling the securiOes to investors at a lower price, it is referred to as an underwriter. Regula:on: The Nigerian Primary Dealer Market Maker (PDMM) system is regulated by the Debt Management Office (DMO). It ensures that all primary dealers abide by all primary issuance aucOon rules and requirements established by it Secondary Market Secondary Market: – This is where dealers make markets by conOnuous bid and offer quotes for bills already issued in the primary market. Large quanOOes of bonds are traded daily – Usually very compeOOve market with small margins, the secondary market is a more liquid financial market – Dealers’ profits in this market are generated from: bid-‐offer spread, appreciaOon/depreciaOon in the value of securiOes held, the difference between the interest earned on securiOes vs. cost of financing – All PDMMs and non-‐PDMMs who have signed up to the two-‐way quote guidelines parOcipate in the secondary market – Deals are done on phone and Reuters dealing system, The secondary market is also guided by the Guidelines for Two Way Quote Trading in FGN Bonds – The DMO is also responsible for monitoring the acOviOes of PDMMs in the secondary market Broker: A Broker is an agent who executes orders to buy or sell securiOes on behalf of a client in exchange for a commission. Dealer: A dealer is an enOty who stands ready and willing to buy a security for its own account (at its bid price) or sell from its own account (at its ask price). The difference between a broker and a dealer is that while a dealer makes trades for its own account a broker makes trades on behalf of others. Market-‐maker: This is an enOty that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a financial instrument or commodity held in inventory. 3. Pricing and Valua:on of Fixed Income Instruments
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