About the pagination of this eBook This eBook contains a multi-volume set. To navigate this eBook by page number, you will need to use the volume number and the page number, separated by a hyphen. For example, to go to page 5 of volume 1, type “1-5” in the Go box at the bottom of the screen and click "Go." To go to page 5 of volume 2, type “2-5”… and so forth. Bluestone and Stool’s Pediatric Otolaryngology 5th Edition, Volume 1 Editors-in-Chief Charles D. Bluestone, MD, FACS, FAAP Distinguished Professor of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jeffrey P. Simons, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Gerald B. Healy, MD, FACS, FRCS(Eng), FRCS (Ire) Professor of Otology & Laryngology, Harvard Medical School Emeritus Healy Chair in Otolaryngology, Boston Children’s Hospital Emeritus Surgeon-in-Chief, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Past President, American College of Surgeons 2014 People’s Medical Publishing House—USA Shelton, Connecticut FM_Vol1.indd 1 11/03/14 3:28 AM People’s Medical Publishing House-USA 2 Enterprise Drive, Suite 509 Shelton, CT 06484 Tel: 203-402-0646 Fax: 203-402-0854 E-mail: [email protected] © 2014 PMPH-USA, LTD All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. 14 15 16 17/King/9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13 (2 volume set) 978-1-60795-018-9 ISBN-10 (2 volume set) 1-60795-018-9 eISBN-13 978-1-60795-258-9 ISBN-10 1-60795-258-0 Printed in the United States of America by King Printing Company, Inc. Editors: Carole Wonsiewicz & Linda Mehta Copyeditor/Typesetter: diacriTech; Cover designer: Mary McKeon Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bluestone and Stool’s pediatric otolaryngology / editors-in-chief, Charles D. Bluestone, Jeffrey P. Simons, Gerald B. Healy. — 5th edition. p. ; cm. Preceded by: Pediatric otolaryngology / [edited by] Charles D. Bluestone ... [et al.]. 4th ed. c2003. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-60795-018-9 (2 volume set) ISBN-10: 1-60795-018-9 (2 volume set) ISBN-13: 978-1-60795-258-9 (eISBN) ISBN-10: 1-60795-258-0 (eISBN) [etc.] I. Bluestone, Charles D., 1932- editor of compilation. II. Simons, Jeffrey P., editor of compilation. III. Healy, Gerald B., 1942- editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Infant. WV 140] RF47.C4 618.92’09751—dc23 2014000079 Sales and Distribution Canada United Kingdom, Europe, Middle East, Africa Brazil Login Canada Eurospan Limited SuperPedido Tecmedd 300 Saulteaux Cr., Winnipeg, MB 3, Henrietta Street, Covent Beatriz Alves, Foreign Trade Department. R3J 3T2 Garden, London WC2E 8LU, UK R. 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China Tel: 8610-67653342 Fax: 8610-67691034 www.pmph.com/en/ FM_Vol1.indd 2 11/03/14 3:28 AM Dedications To my wife, Patsy, for 58 years of a wonderful and loving marriage, for her support and patience over the past 30 years during the countless hours of organizing, writing, and editing these five editions; and to our son Jim, his wife Maria (for her expert editing of the otitis media chapters), and our delight- ful granddaughters, Dane and Elyse. And lastly, to my late colleague and friend Sylvan E. Stool, coeditor for the first four editions, who collaborated with me for a year to develop the initial table of contents as we tried to codify the practice of the new subspeciality of Pediatric Otolaryngology that we had been practicing for many years. CHARLES D. BLUESTONE, MD, FACS, FAAP To my wife, Kate, for her love, support, and encouragement; and to my daughters, Ellie and Lily, who are a constant source of joy and inspiration; and to my parents, Dora and Howard, who have provided me with opportunities for a fine education, instilled in me a love of learning, and influenced me to strive for excellence. JEFFREY P. SIMONS, MD, FACS, FAAP To my loving wife, Anne, and dear children, Lisa and L aurie. Without their support, love, and wisdom, my life would be empty. Also to my teachers and mentors and the countless patients, students, residents, fellows, and colleagues who allowed me to realize my dream of caregiver and teacher. GERALD BURKE HEALY, MD, FACS FM_Vol1.indd 3 11/03/14 3:28 AM FM_Vol1.indd 4 11/03/14 3:28 AM Table of Contents Section Editors xiii Author Listing xv Foreword by Eugene N. Myers xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Encomium to Sylvan E. Stool xxxv SECTION 1: BASIC SCIENCE/GENERAL PEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY Michael J. Cunningham and Joseph E. Dohar 1. Evolution of Pediatric Otolaryngology................................................................................................................................3 Robert J. Ruben 2. Phylogenetic Aspects and Embryology .............................................................................................................................13 Anne Chun-Hui Tsai and Carol Walton 3. Genetics, Syndromology, and Craniofacial Anomalies .....................................................................................................27 Anne Chun-Hui Tsai and Carol S. Walton 4. Outcomes and Evidence-Based Medicine in Pediatric Otolaryngology ...........................................................................59 Jennifer J. Shin and Christopher J. Hartnick 5. Ethical Issues in Pediatric Otolaryngology .......................................................................................................................69 David B. Waisel and Laurie A. Ohlms 6. Professionalism, Communication, and Teamwork in Surgery ..........................................................................................81 Rahul K. Shah 7. Pediatric Otolaryngology: A Psychosocial Perspective .....................................................................................................89 Edward J. Goldson and Kenny H. Chan 8. Psychiatric Disorders in Pediatric Otolaryngology ...........................................................................................................99 Abigail L. Donovan and Bruce J. Masek 9. Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy ....................................................................................................................................107 Basil J. Zitelli 10. Pediatric Anesthesiology .................................................................................................................................................113 Lynne R. Ferrari 11. Allergy and Immunology ................................................................................................................................................127 Deborah A. Gentile and David P. Skoner FM_Vol1.indd 5 11/03/14 3:28 AM vi Table of Contents 12. Pediatric Neurology .........................................................................................................................................................133 Amy C. Goldstein 13. Pediatric Ophthalmology .................................................................................................................................................143 Melanie Kazlas 14. Pediatric Hematology: The Coagulation System and Associated Disorders ...................................................................155 James D. Cooper and A. Kim Ritchey 15. Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment of Pediatric Head and Neck Infections ............................................................171 Stephen I. Pelton 16. The Role of Biofilms in Pediatric Otolaryngologic Diseases ..........................................................................................191 J. Christopher Post and Garth D. Ehrlich 17. Pediatric Gastroenterology ..............................................................................................................................................199 Philip E. Putnam 18. Pediatric Pulmonology ....................................................................................................................................................217 Jonathan E. Spahr 19. Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Craniofacial Growth and Interdisciplinary Surgical Care ............................233 Bernard J. Costello and Ramon L. Ruiz SECTION 2: EAR AND RELATED STRUCTURES Margaretha L. Casselbrant, David H. Chi, and Margaret A. Kenna 20. Embryology and Developmental Anatomy of the Ear .....................................................................................................253 Nathan Page and Keiko Hirose 21. Physical and Physiological Bases of Hearing ..................................................................................................................271 John D. Durrant 22. Methods of Clinical Examination: Ear and Related Structures.......................................................................................301 Charles D. Bluestone and Jerome O. Klein 23. The Assessment of Hearing and Middle-Ear Function in Children ................................................................................317 Brian Fligor 24. Methods of Examination: Radiologic Aspects ...............................................................................................................355 Hisham M. Dahmoush, Arastoo Vossough, and Avrum N. Pollock 25. Vestibular Evaluation ......................................................................................................................................................409 Joseph M. Furman, Margaretha L. Casselbrant, and Susan L. Whitney 26. Otalgia .............................................................................................................................................................................423 Frank W. Virgin and Greg Licameli 27. Otorrhea ...........................................................................................................................................................................431 Joseph E. Dohar 28. Tinnitus in Children .........................................................................................................................................................447 Samantha Anne and Anne F. Hseu FM_Vol1.indd 6 11/03/14 3:28 AM Table of Contents vii 29. Balance Disorders............................................................................................................................................................453 Margaretha L. Casselbrant and Joseph M. Furman 30. Genetic Hearing Loss and Inner Ear Diseases ................................................................................................................465 Michael S. Hildebrand, A. Eliot Shearer, Murad Husein, and Richard J.H. Smith 31. Nongenetic Hearing Loss ................................................................................................................................................513 Margaret A. Kenna 32. Congenital Inner Ear Anomalies .....................................................................................................................................531 David H. Chi and Ellis M. Arjmand 33. Cochlear Implants in Children ........................................................................................................................................547 Richard T. Miyamoto, R. Christopher Miyamoto, and Karen Iler Kirk 34. Congenital Anomalies of the External and Middle Ears .................................................................................................561 Makoto Miura and Isamu Sando 35. Surgical Management of Microtia and Congenital Aural Atresia ...................................................................................595 Robert F. Yellon 36. Diseases of the External Ear ............................................................................................................................................621 Barry E. Hirsch and Noriko Yoshikawa 37. Otitis Media and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction ..............................................................................................................633 Charles D. Bluestone and Jerome O. Klein 38. Complications and Sequelae of Otitis Media ..................................................................................................................761 Charles D. Bluestone, David H. Chi, and Jerome O. Klein 39. Facial Paralysis in Children .............................................................................................................................................849 Barry M. Schaitkin 40. Diseases of the Labyrinthine Capsule .............................................................................................................................869 Diego Preciado, Gilbert Vezina, and Rahul Shah 41. Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone ............................................................................................................................879 Ana H. Kim, Clare Dean, and Simon C. Parisier 42. Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone ............................................................................................................................895 Pamela A. Mudd and Stephen P. Cass SECTION 3: THE NOSE, PARANASAL SINUSES, FACE, AND ORBIT Todd D. Otteson and Raymond C. Maguire 43. Embryology and Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses .......................................................................................................913 Michael Rontal, Todd D. Otteson, Jack B. Anon, and S. James Zinreich 44. Nasal Physiology .............................................................................................................................................................927 Asli Sahin-Yilmaz and Robert M. Naclerio 45. Methods of Examination of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, Face, and Orbit .....................................................................943 Gi Soo Lee, Reza Rahbar, and Gerald B. Healy FM_Vol1.indd 7 11/03/14 3:28 AM viii Table of Contents 46. Imaging of the Paranasal Sinuses in Pediatric Patients With Special Considerations for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ...............................................................................................................................................951 Ken Kazahaya 47. Nasal Obstruction and Rhinorrhea ..................................................................................................................................963 Walter M. Belenky, David N. Madgy, Michael S. Haupert, and Sonal Saraiya 48. Epistaxis ..........................................................................................................................................................................981 Scott C. Manning, Prabhat Bhama, and Marvin C. Culbertson III 49. Pediatric Headaches .........................................................................................................................................................989 Belinda A. Mantle 50. Oral and Facial Neuropathic Pain in Children .................................................................................................................993 Navil F. Sethna 51. Orbital Swellings ...........................................................................................................................................................1003 Jeffrey D. Suh and Nina L. Shapiro 52. Congenital Malformations of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses .....................................................................................1017 Todd D. Otteson 53. Rhinitis and Acute and Chronic Sinusitis ......................................................................................................................1037 Ellen R. Wald 54. Surgical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis ..........................................................................................................1057 Rodney P. Lusk 55. Complications of Rhinosinusitis ...................................................................................................................................1065 Natalie E. Edmondson and Sanjay R. Parikh 56. Allergic Rhinitis ............................................................................................................................................................1075 Andrew MacGinnitie 57. Foreign Bodies of the Nose ...........................................................................................................................................1089 Desiderio Passali and Raymond C. Maguire 58. Injuries of the Nose, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses ...........................................................................................1095 Andrew M. Shapiro and Fred Fedok 59. Tumors of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx ...........................................................................................1109 Anthony E. Magit SECTION 4: THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS Dennis J. Kitsko and Deepak K. Mehta 60. Embryology and Anatomy of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus .............................................................................1123 Nira A. Goldstein and Sharon Marie Tomaski 61. Physiology of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus ......................................................................................................1145 John Sinacori and Craig S. Derkay 62. Methods of Examination of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus ................................................................................1151 Karen B. Zur, Lawrence W.C. Tom, William P. Potsic, and Steven D. Handler FM_Vol1.indd 8 11/03/14 3:28 AM