The Project Gutenberg EBook of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 70, No. 433, November 1851, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 70, No. 433, November 1851 Author: Various Release Date: August 19, 2014 [EBook #46629] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE, NOVEMBER 1851 *** Produced by Brendan OConnor, Jonathan Ingram, Wayne Hammond and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE. No. CCCCXXXIII. NOVEMBER, 1851. Vol. LXX. CONTENTS. THE DRAMAS OF HENRY TAYLOR, 505 A LEGEND OF GIBRALTAR, 522 GERMAN LETTERS FROM PARIS, 543 THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH, 562 MY NOVEL; OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE. PART XV.,573 THE MASTER THIEF. A NORSE POPULAR TALE, 595 DAY-DREAMS OF AN EXILE, 604 AUTUMN POLITICS, 607 EDINBURGH: WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, 45 GEORGE STREET; AND 37 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. To whom all communications (post paid) must be addressed. SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. i PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH. BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE. No. CCCCXXXIII. NOVEMBER, 1851. Vol. LXX. THE DRAMAS OF HENRY TAYLOR. There is no living writer whose rank in literature appears to be more accurately determined, or more permanently secured to him, than the author of Philip Van Artevelde.1 Not gifted with the ardent temperament, the very vivid imagination, or the warmth of passion which are supposed necessary to carry a poet to the highest eminences of his art, he has, nevertheless, that intense reflection, that large insight into human life, that severe taste, binding him always to a most select, accurate, and admirable style, which must secure him a lofty and impregnable position amongst the class of writers who come next in order to the very highest. There have been greater poems, but in modern times we do not think there has appeared any dramatic composition which can be pronounced superior to the masterpiece of Henry Taylor. Neither of the Sardanapalus of Lord Byron, nor the Remorse of Coleridge, nor the Cenci of Shelley, could this be said. We are far from asserting that Taylor is a greater poet than Byron, or Coleridge, or Shelley; but we say that no dramatic composition of these poets surpasses, as a whole, Philip Van Artevelde. These writers have displayed, on various occasions, more passion and more pathos, and a command of more beautiful imagery, but they have none of them produced a more complete dramatic work; nor do any of them manifest a profounder insight, or a wider view of human nature, or more frequently enunciate that pathetic wisdom, that mixture of feeling and sagacity, which we look upon as holding the highest place in eloquence of every description, whether prose or verse. The last act of Shelley's drama of the Cenci has left a more vivid impression upon our mind than any single portion of the modern drama; but one act does not constitute a play, and this drama of the Cenci is so odious from its plot, and the chief character portrayed in it is, in every sense of the word, so utterly monstrous, (for Shelley has combined, for purposes of his own, a spirit of piety with the other ingredients of that diabolical character, which could not have co-existed with them,) that, notwithstanding all its beauty, we would willingly efface this poem from English literature. If one of those creatures, half beautiful woman and half scaly fish, which artists seem, with a traditional depravity of taste, to delight in, were really to be alive, and to present itself before us, it would hardly excite greater disgust than this beautifully foul drama of the Cenci. The very fact of our author having won so distinct and undisputed a place in public estimation, must be accepted as an excuse for our prolonged delay in noticing his writings. The public very rapidly passed its verdict upon them: it was a sound one. The voice of encouragement was not needed to the author; nor did the reading world require to be informed of the fresh accession made to its stores. If we now propose to ourselves some critical observations on the dramas of Mr Taylor, we enter upon the task in exactly the same spirit that we should bring to the examination of any old writer, any veritable ancient, of established celebrity. We are too late to assist in creating a reputation for these dramas, but we may possibly throw out some critical suggestions which may contribute to their more accurate appreciation. In Philip Van Artevelde, the great object of the author appears to have been to exhibit, in perfect union, the man of thought and the man of action. The hero is meditative as Hamlet, and as swift to act as Coriolanus. He is pensive as the Dane, and with something of the like cause for his melancholy; but so far from wasting all his energies in moody reflection, he has an equal share for a most enterprising career of real life. He throws his glance as freely and as widely over all this perplexing world, but every footstep of his own is planted with a sure and certain knowledge, and with a firm will. His thoughts may seem to play as loose as the air above him, but his standing-place is always stable as the rock. Such a character, we need not say, could hardly have been selected, and certainly could not have been portrayed with success, by any but a deeply meditative mind. It is often remarked that the hero is the reflection of the writer. This could not be very correctly said in instances like the present. A writer still lives only in his writings, lives only in his thoughts, whatever martial feats or bold enterprises he may depict. We could not prophesy how the poet himself would act if he had been the citizen of Ghent. It is more accurate to content ourselves with saying that the delineation of his hero has given full scope to the intellectual character of the author, and to his own peculiar habits of thought. For if the great citizen of Ghent combines in an extraordinary degree the reflective and the energetic character, our author unites, in a manner almost as peculiar, two modes of 505 506 thinking which at first appear to be opposed: he unites that practical sagacity which gives grave, and serious, and useful counsels upon human conduct, with that sad and profound irony—that reasoned despondency—which so generally besets the speculative mind. All life is—vanity. Yet it will not do to resign ourselves to this general conclusion, from which so little, it is plain, can be extracted. From nothing, nothing comes. We must go back, and estimate by comparison each form and department of this human life—which, as a whole, is so nugatory. Thus, practical sagacity is reinstated in full vigour, and has its fair scope of action, though ever and anon a philosophic despondency will throw its shadow over the scene. As it is a complete man, so it is a whole life, that we have portrayed in the drama of Philip Van Artevelde. The second part is not what is understood by a "continuation" of the first, but an essential portion of the work. In the one we watch the hero rise to his culminating point; in the other we see him sink—not in crime, and not in glory, but in a sort of dim and disastrous twilight. We take up the hero from his student days; we take him from his philosophy and his fishing- line, and that obstinate pondering on unsolvable problems, which is as much a characteristic of youth as the ardent passions with which it is more generally accredited; we take him from the quiet stream which he torments, far more by the thoughts he throws upon it, than by his rod and line. "He is a man of singular address In catching river-fish," says a sarcastic enemy, who knew nothing of the trains of thought for which that angling was often a convenient disguise. A hint given in the drama will go far to explain what their hue and complexion must have been. The father of Philip had headed the patriotic cause of the citizens of Ghent; it had triumphed in his person; the same citizens of Ghent had murdered him on the threshold of his door. When he was a boy, the stains of his father's blood were still visible on that threshold: the widowed mother would not suffer them to be removed, and, nursing her revenge, loved to show them to the child. There was something here to colour the thoughts of the young fisherman. But passion and the world are now knocking at the heart of the meditative student. Love and ambition are there, and, moreover, the turbulent condition of the city of Ghent seems to forbid the continuance of this life of quietude. The passions of the world crave admittance. Shall he admit them? The great theatre of life claims its new actor. Shall he go? Shall he commit himself once and for ever to the turmoil and delusions of that scene—delusions that will not delude, but which will exercise as great a tyranny over him as if they did? Yes; he will go. As well do battle with the world without, as eternally with his own thoughts; for this is the only alternative youth presents to us. Yes, he will go; but deliberately: he will not be borne along, he will govern his own footsteps, and, come what may, will be always master of himself. Launoy, one of Ghent's bravest patriots, has been killed. The first reflection we hear from the lips of Artevelde is called forth by this intelligence. It does not surprise him. "I never looked that he should live so long. He was a man of that unsleeping spirit, He seemed to live by miracle: his food Was glory, which was poison to his mind And peril to his body. He was one Of many thousand such that die betimes, Whose story is a fragment, known to few. Then comes the man who has the luck to live, And he's a prodigy. Compute the chances, And deem there's ne'er a one in dangerous times Who wins the race of glory, but than him A thousand men more gloriously endowed Have fallen upon the course; a thousand others Have had their fortunes foundered by a chance, Whilst lighter barks pushed past them; to whom add A smaller tally, of the singular few Who, gifted with predominating powers, Bear yet a temperate will, and keep the peace. The world knows nothing of its greatest men." If ambition wears this ambiguous aspect to his mind, it is not because he is disposed to regard the love of woman too enthusiastically. "It may be I have deemed or dreamed of such. But what know I? We figure to ourselves The thing we like, and then we build it up As chance will have it, on the rock or sand: For thought is tired of wandering o'er the world, And home-bound fancy runs her bark ashore." Yet Artevelde is at this time on his way to Adriana to make that declaration which the Lady Adriana is so solicitous 507 to hear. This a lover! Yes; only one of that order who hang over and count the beatings of their own heart. Launoy being destroyed, and the people of Ghent having lost others of their leaders, and growing discontented with the stern rule of Van Den Bosch, some new captain or ruler of the town is looked for. The eyes of men are turned to Philip Van Artevelde. He shall be captain of the Whitehoods, and come to the rescue of the falling cause; for, of late, the Earl of Flanders has been everywhere victorious. Van Den Bosch himself makes the proposal. It is evident, from hints that follow, that Artevelde had already made his choice; he saw that the time was come when, even if he desired it, there was no maintaining a peaceful neutrality. But Van Den Bosch meets with no eager spirit ready to snatch at the perilous prize held out to him. He is no dupe to the nature of the offer, nor very willing that others should fancy him to be one— "Not so fast. Your vessel, Van Den Bosch, hath felt the storm: She rolls dismasted in an ugly swell, And you would make a jury-mast of me, Whereon to spread the tatters of your canvass." It is worth noticing how the passion of revenge, like the others, is admitted to its post; admitted, yet coldly looked upon. He will revenge his father. Two knights, Sir Guisebert Grutt and Simon Bette, (we wish they had better names,) were mainly instrumental in his murder. These men have been playing false, by making treacherous overtures to the Earl of Flanders; they will be in his power. But they cannot, he reflects, render back the life they have destroyed— ——"Life for life, vile bankrupts as they are, Their worthless lives for his of countless price, Is their whole wherewithal to pay the debt. Yet retribution is a goodly thing, And it were well to wring the payment from them, Even to the utmost drop of their heart's blood." Still less does the patriotic harangue of Van Den Bosch find an enthusiastic response. He was already too much a statesman to be a demagogue; not to mention that his father's career had taught him a bitter estimate of popularity, and of all tumultuary enthusiasm:— "Van Den Bosch. Times are sore changed, I see. There's none in Ghent That answers to the name of Artevelde. Thy father did not carp or question thus When Ghent invoked his aid. The days have been When not a citizen drew breath in Ghent But freely would have died in Freedom's cause. Artevelde. With a good name thou christenest the cause. True, to make choice of despots is some freedom, The only freedom for this turbulent town, Rule her who may. And in my father's time We still were independent, if not free; And wealth from independence, and from wealth Enfranchisement will partially proceed. The cause, I grant thee, Van Den Bosch, is good; And were I linked to earth no otherwise But that my whole heart centred in myself, I could have tossed you this poor life to play with, Taking no second thought. But as things are, I will resolve the matter warily, And send thee word betimes of my conclusion. Van Den Bosch. Betimes it must be; for some two hours hence I meet the Deans, and ere we separate Our course must be determined. Artevelde. In two hours, If I be for you, I will send this ring In token I have so resolved." He had already resolved. Such a man would not have suffered himself to be hemmed in within the space of two hours to make so great a decision; but he would not rush precipitately forward; he would feel his own will at each step. He had already resolved; but his love to Adriana troubles him at heart: he must first make all plain and intelligible there, before he becomes captain of the Whitehoods. From this interview he goes to Adriana; and then follows a dialogue, every sentence of which, if we were looking out for admirable passages for quotation, would offer itself as a candidate. We quote only, from a drama so well known, for the purpose of illustrating the analytic view we would present of its chief hero; but the passages selected for this purpose can hardly fail of being also amongst the most beautiful in themselves. Artevelde is alone, waiting for the appearance of Adriana— 508 "There is but one thing that still harks me back. To bring a cloud upon the summer day Of one so happy and so beautiful,— It is a hard condition. For myself, I know not that the circumstance of life In all its changes can so far afflict me As makes anticipation much worth while. ... Oh she is fair! As fair as Heaven to look upon! as fair As ever vision of the Virgin blest That weary pilgrim, resting by the fount Beneath the palm, and dreaming to the tune Of flowing waters, duped his soul withal. It was permitted in my pilgrimage To rest beside the fount, beneath the tree, Beholding there no vision, but a maid Whose form was light and graceful as the palm, Whose heart was pure and jocund as the fount, And spread a freshness and a verdure round." Adriana appears, and in the course of the dialogue he addresses her thus:— "Be calm; And let me warn thee, ere thy choice be fixed, What fate thou may'st be wedded to with me. Thou hast beheld me living heretofore As one retired in staid tranquillity: The dweller in the mountains, on whose ear The accustomed cataract thunders unobserved; The seaman, who sleeps sound upon the deck, Nor hears the loud lamenting of the blast, Nor heeds the weltering of the plangent wave,— These have not lived more undisturbed than I: But build not upon this; the swollen stream May shake the cottage of the mountaineer, And drive him forth; the seaman, roused at length, Leaps from his slumber on the wave-washed deck: And now the time comes fast when here, in Ghent, He who would live exempt from injuries Of armed men, must be himself in arms. This time is near for all,—nearer for me: I will not wait upon necessity, And leave myself no choice of vantage-ground, But rather meet the times where best I may, And mould and fashion them as best I can. Reflect then that I soon may be embarked In all the hazards of these troublesome times, And in your own free choice take or resign me. Adri. Oh, Artevelde, my choice is free no more." And now he is open to hear Van Den Bosch. That veteran in war and insurrection brings him news that the people are ready to elect him for their captain or ruler. "Artev. Good! when they come I'll speak to them. Van Den B. 'Twere well. Canst learn to bear thee high amongst the commons? Canst thou be cruel? To be esteemed of them, Thou must not set more store by lives of men Than lives of larks in season. Artev. Be it so. I can do what is needful." The time of action is at hand. We now see Van Artevelde in a suit of armour; he is reclining on a window-seat in his own house, looking out upon the street. There is treason in the town; of those who flock to the market-place, some have already deserted his cause. 509 "Artev. Not to be feared—Give me my sword! Go forth, And see what folk be these that throng the street. [Exit the page. Not to be feared is to be nothing here. And wherefore have I taken up this office, If I be nothing in it? There they go. (Shouts are heard.) Of them that pass my house some shout my name, But the most part pass silently; and once I heard the cry of 'Flanders and the Lion!' That cry again! Sir knights, ye drive me close upon the rocks, And of my cargo you're the vilest bales, So overboard with you! What, men of blood! Can the son better auspicate his arms Than by the slaying of who slew the father? Some blood may flow because that it needs must, But yours by choice—I'll slay you, and thank God. (Enter Van Den Bosch.) Van Den B. The common bell has rung! the knights are there; Thou must come instantly. Artev. I come, I come. Van Den B. Now, Master Philip, if thou miss thy way Through this affair we're lost. For Jesus' sake Be counselled now by me; have thou in mind—— Artev. Go to, I need not counsel; I'm resolved. Take thou thy stand beside Sir Simon Bette, As I by Grutt; take note of all I do, And do thyself accordingly. Come on." They join the assembly; they take their stand each by one of the traitor knights; the debate on the proposal of the Earl proceeds; three hundred citizens are to be given up to him, and on this, and other conditions, peace is to be granted. Artevelde addresses the assembly, and then turning to these knights, he continues:— "Your pardon, sirs, again! (To Grutt and Bette.) You are the pickers and the choosers here, And doubtless you're all safe, ye think—ha! ha! But we have picked and chosen, too, sir knights— What was the law for I made yesterday— What! is it you that would deliver up Three hundred citizens to certain death? Ho! Van Den Bosch! have at these traitors—ha!— (Stabs Grutt, who falls.) Van Den B. Die, treasonable dog!— (Stabs Bette.)" He can do "what is needful." It is admirable; everything that is said and done is admirable; but an involuntary suspicion at times creeps into the mind, that such a man as Philip Van Artevelde never lived, or could live. No man could move along such a line of enterprise with such a weight of reflection on all the springs of action. We see the calm statesman at the head of a tumultuary movement; and the meditative man, to whom revenge is the poorest of our passions, striking a blow from which an old warrior might shrink. Could a man be really impelled along a path of life like this by passions that are admitted, indeed, into the bosom, but watched like prisoners? The suspicion, we say, creeps involuntarily into the mind; but we will not entertain it—we will not yield to it. That the reflective and energetic characters are, in certain degrees, combined together, we all know; and who shall say within what degrees only this is possible? And why may not an ideal perfection of this kind be portrayed as well as an ideal patriot, or an ideal monk, or an ideal warrior? We throw the suspicion aside, and continue our analysis. There is a passage which is often quoted for its great beauty: we quote it also for its great appropriateness. Philip Van Artevelde is master of the city; he is contemplating it at night-time from the tower of St Nicholas. The reflection here put into the mouth of the anxious captain brings back to us, in the midst of war and the cares of government, the meditative man:— 510 "There lies a sleeping city. God of dreams! What an unreal and fantastic world Is going on below! Within the sweep of yon encircling wall How many a large creation of the night, Wide wilderness and mountain, rock and sea, Peopled with busy transitory groups, Finds room to rise, and never feels the crowd!" The famous scene, which has for its place the summit of this tower, between Artevelde and Van Den Bosch, is fresh in the recollection of every reader: we must pass it by, and the admirable and pathetic description of the famine that is raging in Ghent, and proceed to the last act of this part of the drama. Artevelde has stimulated the citizens to make one brave effort more—to sally from the walls, and meet the Earl in battle before Bruges. He has arranged in order of battle his lean and famine-stricken, but desperate little army. He knows the extreme peril in which they stand: no food in the camp; fearful odds to be encountered; yet the only hope lying in immediate battle. He does not delude himself for a moment; he sees the danger clear, and entertains it with a certain sarcastic levity. He does not hope, but he acts as if he did. He is not a man given to hope, but he has a tempered despondency, which sits with him at the council-board, and rides with him to the field, and which he compels to do the services of hope. "Artev. I would to God The sun might not go down upon us here Without a battle fought! Van Den B. If so it should, We pass a perilous night, And wake a wasted few the morrow morn. Van Muck. We have a supper left. Artev. My lady's page, If he got ne'er a better, would be wroth, And burn in effigy my lady's steward. Van Den B. We'll hope the best; But if there be a knave in power unhanged, And in his head a grain of sense undrowned, He'll be their caution not to—— Artev. Van Den Bosch, Talk we of battle and survey the field, For I will fight." We like this last expression. What in another man would have been a mere petulance, is in Artevelde an assumed confidence—consciously assumed, as the only tone of mind in which to pass through the present crisis. Nor can we omit to notice the following passage, which, to our apprehension, is very characteristic of our contemplative politician and warrior; it shows the sardonic vein running through his grave and serious thoughts:— Art. (to Van Ryk.) I tell thee, eat, Eat and be fresh. I'll send a priest to shrive thee. Van Muck, thou tak'st small comfort in thy prayers, Put thou thy muzzle to yon tub of wine." The battle is fought and a victory won. Justice is executed with stern and considerate resolve on the villains of the piece, and we leave Van Artevelde triumphant in his great contest, and happy in the love of Adriana. The subordinate characters who are introduced into this first part of the drama, we have no space to examine minutely. The canvass is well filled, though the chief figure stands forward with due prominence. Adriana is all that an amiable and loving woman should be. The lighter-hearted Clara is intended as a sort of contrast and relief. Her levity and wit are not always graceful; they are not so in the early scene where she jests with the page: afterwards, when in presence of her lover, she has a fitter and more genial subject for her playful wit, and succeeds much better. In the course of the drama, when the famine is raging in Ghent, she appears as the true sister of Philip Van Artevelde. At her first introduction she is somewhat too hoydenish for the mistress of the noble D'Arlon. D'Arlon is all that a knight should be, and Gilbert Matthew is a consummate villain. Between the first and second parts is a poem in rhyme, called "The Lay of Elena." This introduces us to the lady who is to be the heroine of the second part of the drama. All the information it gives, might, we think, have been better conveyed in a few lines of blank verse, added to that vindication of herself which Elena pours forth in the first act, when Sir Fleureant of Heurlée comes to reclaim her on the part of the Duke of Bourbon. This poem is no favourite of ours; but the worst compliment we would pay it implies, in one point of view, a certain fitness and propriety—we were glad to return to the blank verse of our author, in which we find both more music and more pathos than in these rhymes. 511 If we are tempted to suspect, whilst reading the first part of this drama, that the character of Philip Van Artevelde combines in a quite ideal perfection the man of thought with the man of action, we, at all events, cannot accuse the author, in this second part, of representing an ideal or superhuman happiness as the result of this perfect combination. It is a very truthful sad-coloured destiny that he portrays. The gloomy passionate sunset of life has been a favourite subject with poets; but what other author has chosen the clouded afternoon of life, the cheerless twilight, and the sun setting behind cold and dark clouds? It was a bold attempt. It has been successfully achieved. But no amount of talent legitimately expended on it could make this second part as attractive as the first. When the heroic man has accomplished his heroic action, life assumes to him, more than to any other, a most ordinary aspect: his later years bring dwarfish hopes and projects, or none at all; they bring desires no longer "gay," and welcomed only for such poor life as they may have in them. Philip Van Artevelde is now the Regent of Flanders, and, like other regents, has to hold his own: Adriana he has lost; her place is supplied by one still fair but faded, and who, though she deserved a better fate, must still be described as lately the mistress of the Duke of Bourbon. It is the hero still, but he has descended into the commonplace of courts and politics. That it is the same Philip Van Artevelde we are in company with, the manner in which he enters into this new love will abundantly testify. He has been describing to Elena his former wife, Adriana. The description is very beautiful and touching. He then proceeds with his wooing thus:— "Artev. ... Well, well—she's gone, And I have tamed my sorrow. Pain and grief Are transitory things no less than joy, And though they leave us not the men we were, Yet they do leave us. You behold me here A man bereaved, with something of a blight Upon the early blossoms of his life And its first verdure, having not the less A living root, drawing from the earth Its vital juices, from the air its powers: And surely as man's health and strength are whole, His appetites regerminate, his heart Reopens, and his objects and desires Shoot up renewed. What blank I found before me, From what is said you partly may surmise; How I have hoped to fill it, may I tell? Elena. I fear, my lord, that cannot be. Artev. Indeed! Then am I doubly hopeless.... Elena. I said I feared another could not fill The place of her you lost, being so fair And perfect as you give her out." In fine, Elena is conquered, or rather led to confess a conquest already achieved. "Elena. I cannot—no— I cannot give you what you've had so long; Nor need I tell you what you know so well. I must be gone. Artev. Nay, sweetest, why these tears? Elena. No, let me go—I cannot tell—no—no— I want to be alone— Oh! Artevelde, for God's love let me go! [Exit. Artev. (after a pause.) The night is far advanced upon the morrow, —Yes, I have wasted half a summer's night. Was it well spent? Successfully it was. How little flattering is a woman's love! Worth to the heart, come how it may, a world; Worth to men's measures of their own deserts, If weighed in wisdom's balance, merely nothing. The few hours left are precious—who is there? Ho! Nieuverkerchen!—when we think upon it, How little flattering is a woman's love! Given commonly to whosoe'er is nearest And propped with most advantage; outward grace Nor inward light is needful; day by day Men wanting both are mated with the best And loftiest of God's feminine creation. Ho! Nieuverkerchen!—what, then, do we sleep? Are none of you awake?—and as for me, The world says Philip is a famous man— What is there woman will not love, so taught? Ho! Ellert! by your leave though, you must wake. (Enter an officer.) Have me a gallows built upon the mount, And let Van Kortz be hung at break of day." It is worth noticing, as a characteristic trait, that Philip Van Artevelde speaks more like the patriot, harangues more on the cause of freedom, now that he is Regent of Flanders, opposed to the feudal nobility, and to the monarchy of France, and soliciting aid from England, than when he headed the people of Ghent, strong only in their own love of independence. "Bear in mind," he says, answering the herald who brings a hostile message from France and Burgundy — "Bear in mind Against what rule my father and myself Have been insurgent: whom did we supplant? There was a time, so ancient records tell, There were communities, scarce known by name In these degenerate days, but once far famed, Where liberty and justice, hand in hand, Ordered the common weal; where great men grew Up to their natural eminence, and none, Saving the wise, just, eloquent, were great. ... But now, I ask, Where is there on God's earth that polity Which it is not, by consequence converse, A treason against nature to uphold? Whom may we now call free? whom great? whom wise? Whom innocent?—the free are only they Whom power makes free to execute all ills Their hearts imagine; they alone are great Whose passions nurse them from their cradles up In luxury and lewdness,—whom to see Is to despise, whose aspects put to scorn Their station's eminence.... ... What then remains But in the cause of nature to stand forth, And turn this frame of things the right side up? For this the hour is come, the sword is drawn, And tell your masters vainly they resist." We regret to be compelled to garble in our extract so fine a passage of writing. Meanwhile our patriot Regent sends Father John to England to solicit aid—most assuredly not to overthrow feudalism, but to support the Regent against France. His ambition is dragging, willingly or unwillingly, in the old rut of politics. When Father John returns from this embassy, he is scandalised at the union formed between Artevelde and Elena. Here, too, is another sad descent. Our hero has to hear rebuke, and, with a half-confession, submit to be told by the good friar of his "sins." He answers 512 bravely, yet with a consciousness that he stands not where he did, and cannot challenge the same respect from the friar that he could formerly have done. "Artev. You, Father John, I blame not, nor myself will justify; But call my weakness what you will, the time Is past for reparation. Now to cast off The partner of my sin were further sin; 'Twere with her first to sin, and then against her. And for the army, if their trust in me Be sliding, let it go: I know my course; And be it armies, cities, people, priests, That quarrel with my love—wise men or fools, Friends, foes, or factions—they may swear their oaths, And make their murmur—rave and fret and fear, Suspect, admonish—they but waste their rage, Their wits, their words, their counsel: here I stand, Upon the deep foundations of my faith To this fair outcast plighted; and the storm That princes from their palaces shake out, Though it should turn and head me, should not strain The seeming silken texture of this tie." And now disaster follows disaster; town after town manifests symptoms of treachery to his cause. His temper no longer retains its wonted calmness, and the quick glance and rapid government of affairs seems about to desert him. Note this little trait:— "Artev. Whither away, Vauclaire? Vauclaire. You'll wish, my lord, to have the scouts, and others That are informed, before you. Artev. 'Twere well." It is something new that another should anticipate the necessary orders to be given. The decisive battle approaches, and is fought. This time it is lost. Our hero does not even fall in the field; an assassin stabs him in the back. The career of Artevelde ends thus; and that public cause with which his life was connected has at the same time an inglorious termination: "the wheel has come full circle." The catastrophe is brought about by Sir Fleureant of Heurlée. This man's character undergoes, in the course of the drama, a complete transformation. We do not say that the change is unnatural, or that it is not accounted for; but the circumstances which bring it about are only vaguely and incidentally narrated, so that the reader is not prepared for this change. A gay, thoughtless, reckless young, knight, who rather gains upon us at his first introduction, is converted into a dark, revengeful assassin. It would, we think, have improved the effect of the plot, if we had been able to trace out more distinctly the workings of the mind of one who was destined to take so prominent a part in the drama. The character of Lestovet is admirably sustained, and is manifestly a favourite with the author. But we must now break away from Philip Van Artevelde, to notice the other dramas of Mr Taylor. Edwin the Fair next claims our attention. Here also we shall make no quotations merely for the sake of their beauty; and we shall limit ourselves to an analysis of the principal character, Dunstan, on which, perhaps, a word or two of explanation may not be superfluous. Let us suppose a dramatic writer sitting down before such a character as this of Dunstan, and contemplating the various aspects it assumes, with the view of selecting one for the subject of his portraiture. In the first place, he is aware that, although, as a historical student, he may, and perhaps must, continue to doubt as to the real character of this man —how much is to be given to pride, to folly, to fanaticism, to genuine piety, or to the love of power—yet that, the moment he assumes the office of dramatic poet, he must throw all doubt entirely aside. The student of history may hesitate to the last; the poet is presumed to have from the beginning the clearest insight into the recesses of the mind, and the most unquestionable authority for all that he asserts. A sort of mimic omniscience is ascribed to the poet. Has he not been gifted, from of old, with an inspiration, by means of which he sees the whole character and every thought of his hero, and depicts and reveals them to the world? To him doubt would be fatal. If he carries into his drama the spirit of historical criticism, he will raise the same spirit in his reader, and all faith in the imaginary creation he offers them is gone for ever. Manifest an error as this may be, we think we could mention some instances, both in the drama and the novel, in which it has been committed. But such a character as Dunstan's is left uncertain in the light of history, and our dramatist has to choose between uncertainties. He will be guided in his selection partly by what he esteems the preponderating weight of evidence, and partly, and perhaps still more, by the superior fitness of any one phase of the character for the purpose he has in view, or the development of his own peculiar powers. In this case, three interpretations present themselves. The first, which has little historical or moral probability, and offers little attraction to the artist, is, that Dunstan was a hypocrite, seeking by show of piety to compass some ambitious end, or win the applause of the vulgar. Undoubted hypocrites history assuredly presents us with—as where the ecclesiastical magnate degenerates into the merely secular prince. There have 513 been luxurious and criminal popes and cardinals, intriguing bishops and lordly abbots, whom the most charitable of men, and the most pious of Catholics, must pronounce to have been utterly insincere in their professions of piety. But a hypocrite who starves and scourges himself—who digs a damp hole in the earth, and lives in it—seems to us a mere creature of the imagination. Such men, at all events, either begin or end with fanaticism. The second and more usual interpretation is, that Dunstan was a veritable enthusiast, and a genuine churchman after the order of Hildebrand, capable, perhaps, of practising deceit or cruelty for his great purpose, but entirely devoted to that purpose—one of those men who sincerely believe that the salvation of the world and the predominance of their order are inseparably combined. There would be no error in supposing a certain mixture of pride and ambition. Nor, in following this interpretation, would there be any great violation of probability in attributing to Dunstan, though he lived in so rude an age, all those arguments by which the philosopher-priest is accustomed to uphold the domination of his order. The thinking men of every age more nearly resemble each other in these great lines of thought and argument, than is generally supposed. The third interpretation is that which the historical student would probably favour. It is that Dunstan was, in truth, partially insane—a man of fervent zeal, and of great natural powers, but of diseased mind. The very ability and knowledge which he possessed, combined with the strange forms which his asceticism took, lead to this supposition. Such men, we know, exist, and sometimes pass through a long career before they are accurately understood. Exhibiting itself in the form of fanaticism, and in a most ignorant and superstitious age, a partial insanity might easily escape detection, or even add to the reputation of the saint. This last is the rendering of the character which Mr Taylor has selected. It is evidently the most difficult to treat. Perhaps the difficulty and novelty of the task it presented, as well as its greater fidelity to history, induced him to accept this interpretation. That second and more popular one which we have mentioned would appear, to a mind like Mr Taylor's, too facile and too trite. Any high-churchman of almost any age—any bishop, if you inflate the lawn sleeves, or even any young curate, whose mind dwells too intensely on the power of the keys—would present the rudiments of the character. However that may be, Mr Taylor undertook the bold and difficult task of depicting the strong, shrewd, fervent mind, saint and politician both, but acting with the wild and irregular force of insanity. How, we may ask ourselves, would such a mind display itself? Not, we way be sure, in a tissue of weakness or of wildness. We should often see the ingenious reasoner, more cunning than wise, the subtle politician, or even the deep moraliser upon human life; but whenever the fatal chords were touched—the priestly power, the priestly mission, the intercourse with the world of spirits—there we should see symptoms of insanity and delusion. Such is the character which Mr Taylor has portrayed. Earl Leolf, calm and intelligent, and the perfect gentleman (those who remember the play will feel the truth of this last expression,) gives us at the very commencement the necessary explanation— "Leolf. How found you the mid-counties? Athulf. Oh! monk-ridden; Raving of Dunstan. Leolf. 'Tis a raving time: Mad monks, mad peasants; Dunstan is not sane, And madness that doth least declare itself Endangers most, and ever most infects The unsound many. See where stands the man, And where this people: thus compute the peril To one and all. When force and cunning meet Upon the confines of one cloudy mind, When ignorance and knowledge halve the mass, When night and day stand at an equinox, Then storms are rife." No justice, it is plain, can be done to Mr Taylor's drama, unless the intimation here given us be kept in view. Yet we suspect, from the remarks sometimes made upon this play, that it has been overlooked, or not sufficiently attended to. Passages have been censured as crude or extravagant which, in themselves, could be no otherwise, since they were intended to portray this half-latent and half-revealed insanity. The arrogance of Dunstan, and his communings with the spiritual world, not often have the air of sublimity, for they arise from the disorder and hallucination of his mind. When he tells the Queen Mother not to sit in his presence, as well as when he boasts of his intercourse with angels and demons, we see the workings of a perturbed spirit:— 514 515 "Queen Mother. Father, I am faint, For a strange terror seized me by the way. I pray you let me sit. Dunstan. I say, forbear! Thou art in a Presence that thou wot'st not of, Wherein no mortal may presume to sit. If stand thou canst not, kneel. (She falls on her knees.) Queen Mother. Oh, merciful Heaven' Oh, sinner that I am! Dunstan. Dismiss thy fears; Thine errand is acceptable to Him Who rules the hour, and thou art safer here Than in thy palace. Quake not, but be calm, And tell me of the wretched king, thy son. This black, incestuous, unnatural love Of his blood-relative—yea, worse, a seed That ever was at enmity with God— His cousin of the house of Antichrist! It is as I surmised? Queen Mother. Alas! lost boy! Dunstan. Yes, lost for time and for eternity, If he should wed her. But that shall not be. Something more lofty than a boy's wild love Governs the course of kingdoms. From beneath This arching umbrage step aside; look up; The alphabet of Heaven is o'er thy head, The starry literal multitude. To few, And not in mercy, is it given to read The mixed celestial cipher." How skilfully the last passage awakes in the reader a feeling of sympathy with Dunstan! When he has given his instructions to the Queen Mother, the scene closes thus:— "Queen Mother. Oh, man of God! Command me always. Dunstan. Hist! I hear a spirit! Another—and a third. They're trooping up. Queen Mother. St Magnus shield us! Dunstan. Thou art safe; but go; The wood will soon be populous with spirits. The path thou cam'st retread. Who laughs in the air?" Dunstan believes all along that he is marked out from the ordinary roll of men—that he has a peculiar intercourse with, and a peculiar mission from, Heaven; but he nevertheless practises on the credulity of others. This mixture of superstition and cunning does not need insanity to explain, but it is seen here in very appropriate company. He says to Grumo— "Go, get thee to the hollow of yon tree, And bellow there as is thy wont. Grumo. How long? Dunstan. Till thy lungs crack. Get hence. [Exit Grumo. And if thou bellowest otherwise than Satan, It is not for the lack of Satan's sway 'Stablished within thee. (Strange howls are heard from the tree.") With the same crafty spirit, and by a trick as gross, he imposes on the Synod, contriving that a voice shall appear to issue from the crucifix. These frauds, however, would have availed nothing of themselves; it is the spirit of fanaticism bearing down all opposition by which he works his way. This spirit sustains him in his solitude— "I hear your call! A radiance and a resonance from Heaven Surrounds me, and my soul is breaking forth In strength, as did the new-created Sun When Earth beheld it first on the fourth day. God spake not then more plainly to that orb Than to my spirit now." It sustains him in his solitude, and mark how triumphantly it carries him through in the hour of action. Odo the archbishop, Ricola the king's chaplain, as well as king and courtiers, all give way before this inexorable, unreasoning fanaticism, a fanaticism which is as complete a stranger to fear as it is to reason— "Dunstan (to Elgiva.) Fly hence, Pale prostitute! Avaunt, rebellious fiend, Which speakest through her. Elgiva. I am thy sovereign mistress and thy queen. Dunstan. ... Who art thou? I see thee, and I know thee—yea, I smell thee! Again, 'tis Satan meets me front to front; Again I triumph! Where, and by what rite, And by what miscreant minister of God, And rotten member, was this mockery, That was no marriage, made to seem a marriage? Ricola. Lord Abbot, by no—— Dunstan. What then, was it thou? The Church doth cut thee off and pluck thee out! A Synod shall be summoned! Chains for both! Chains for that harlot, and for this dog-priest! Oh wall of Jezreel!" And forthwith Elgiva, in spite of the king's resistance, is carried out a captive. The king, too, is imprisoned in the Tower, and here ensues a scene which brings out another aspect of the mind of Dunstan. It was the object of the crafty priest to induce Edwin to resign the crown; he had, therefore, made his imprisonment as painful as possible. He now visits him in the Tower, and in this interview we see, underneath the mad zealot and the subtle politician, something of the genuine man. Dunstan had not been always, and only, the priest; he understood the human life he trampled on— 516 "Dunstan. What makes you weak? Do you not like your food? Or have you not enough? Edwin. Enough is brought; But he that brings it drops what seems to say That it is mixed with poison—some slow drug; So that I scarce dare eat, and hunger always. Dunstan. Your food is poisoned by your own suspicions. 'Tis your own fault.—— But thus it is with kings; suspicions haunt, And dangers press around them all their days; Ambition galls them, luxury corrupts, And wars and treasons are their talk at table. Edwin. This homily you should read to prosperous kings; It is not needed for a king like me. Dunstan. Who shall read homilies to a prosperous king! ... To thy credulous ears The world, or what is to a king the world, The triflers of thy court, have imaged me As cruel, and insensible to joy, Austere, and ignorant of all delights That arts can minister. Far from the truth They wander who say thus. I but denounce Loves on a throne, and pleasures out of place. I am not old; not twenty years have fled Since I was young as thou; and in my youth I was not by those pleasures unapproached Which youth converses with. Edwin. No! wast thou not? How came they in thy sight? Dunstan. When Satan first Attempted me, 'twas in a woman's shape; Such shape as may have erst misled mankind, When Greece or Rome upreared with Pagan rites Temples to Venus.... ... 'Twas Satan sang, Because 'twas sung to me, whom God had called To other pastime and severer joys. But were it not for this, God's strict behest Enjoined upon me—had I not been vowed To holiest service rigorously required, I should have owned it for an angel's voice, Nor ever could an earthly crown, or toys And childishness of vain ambition, gauds And tinsels of the world, have lured my heart Into the tangle of those mortal cares That gather round a throne. What call is thine From God or man, what voice within bids thee Such pleasures to forego, such cares confront? ... Unless thou by an instant act Renounce the crown, Elgiva shall not live. The deed is ready, to which thy name affixed Discharges from restraint both her and thee. Say wilt thou sign? Edwin. I will not. Dunstan. Be advised. What hast thou to surrender? I look round; This chamber is thy palace court, and realm. I do not see the crown—where is it hidden? Is that thy throne?—why, 'tis a base joint-stool; Or this thy sceptre?—'tis an ashen stick Notched with the days of thy captivity. Such royalties to abdicate, methinks, Should hardly hold thee long. Nay, I myself, That love not ladies greatly, would give these To ransom whom I loved." These feelings of humanity, in part indeed simulated, do not long keep at bay the cruelty and insane rage or the priest. Edwin persists in his refusal; Dunstan leaves him for a moment, but shortly after returns holding the deed in his hand, and followed by his tool Grumo. "Dunstan. Thy signature to this. Edwin. I will not sign. Dunstan. Thou wilt not! wilt thou that thy mistress die? Edwin. Insulting abbot! she is not my mistress; She is my wife, my queen. Dunstan. Predestinate pair! He knoweth who is the Searcher of our hearts, That I was ever backward to take life, Albeit at His command. Still have I striven To put aside that service, seeking still All ways and shifts that wit of man could scheme, To spare the cutting off your wretched souls In unrepented sin. But tendering here Terms of redemption, it is thou, not I, The sentence that deliverest. Edwin. Our lives Are in God's hands. Dunstan. Sot, liar, miscreant, No!...