Leslie Alexander Lacy AFRICAN RESPONSES TO MALCOLM X Brother, you think your life is so sweetthat youwouldlive at anyprice? Does mere existence balance with the weight of your great sacrifice? Orcan it be youfear thegrave enough to live and die a slave? Oh brother! let it besaid that when you're dead And tears are shed that your life was a stepping stone, which your children crossed upon; Look each foeman in the eye- Lest you die in vain THus SPOKE Malcolm X in the Great Hall at the University of Ghana-Legon,Tuesday, May iz, 1964.Thesewerehis final words. They were addressed to a hostile and young Ameri- can-trainedGhanaian geologist who had accusedMalcolm X, at the end of an emotional and lively question period, of bringing to Africa "the gospel of racial violence." Suddenly, there were more words. A student who sat near the podium from which Malcolm spoke stood and pointed his finger into the area where the geologist sat and shouted passionately, "Throw-that-useless-man-out!" The crowd supported the student's demand with cries and shouts of approval. Then the geologist became the victim of a special kind of violence: Three students (some said his own students) unceremoniously threw him out of the hall. 19 Before Malcolm X could take his seat and be properly thanked by the unpopular Marxist Forum which had pre- sented him, the spirit of criticism which the young intel- lectual tried to introduce gave way to what can be called the spirit of approval. And what a spirit: It could tolerate nothing short of complete acceptance of Malcolm X. The cheers of approval came first. The students stood and shouted at the top of their voices praises in different Ghanaian languages, which produced a monotonous, steady, balanced and comforting refrain-Brother Malcolm! Brother Malcolm! Oh! Brother Malcolm! The cheers gave way to chants of approval and the shedding=and in some cases the destruction-of English-made wool academic gowns, which the students happily wore to such occasions; this practice the ruling Convention People's Party (CPP) had long and adamantly criticized but, due to the propaganda methods which it had employed, had been unable to change. The cheers and chants of approval were so tremendous that it produced what Lebrette Hesse (Chairman of the Marxist Forum and a third-year law student) called the "Ghanaian violent elation." And it was as violent as a tropical storm-sudden, complete, collective-shaking every nail in a Great Hall which had not stood as a symbol of Ghanaian freedom and independence, but rather as a tribute and a reminder of the tradition borrowed from British intellectual history. I watched Malcolm's face as he stood, again and again trying in his humble and somewhat awkward way to acknow- ledge his thanks to those who had approved of his message. The heat which the Great Hall generated had already begun to take effect on all of us. Malcolm's face was covered with perspiration, but it mixed well with the tears in his eyes and the smile on his face. I had seen Brother Malcolm's face before in America, many times and in many audiences. I had seen crowds cheer him, extol him and shout to him as (cid:9) Leslie Alexander Lacy ai their deliverer. I had seen his faces and many moods; his happy moments in Harlem and Chicago; and I had seen his face filled with depression and outrage because another black brother had sold out or, worse yet, refused to "fight" because he believed that could appeal to the conscience of white America and overcome its racism. But there was something in his face that evening which I had never seen before. At first glance I thought it was his small beard that made the difference, for I had never seen him with one before. He had always had that clean-cut Muslim look, and somehow the beard didn't fit that image. But the second glance-a deeper look-was more revealing. Malcolm's face was new because it was filled with the youth and excitement of those black students who identified with him. And he was awkward too, like a young father who loves his newly-born son but hasn't quite discovered the correct way to pick up and hold the child; the result is that he becomes debilitated by his own happiness and forgets about his own ineptitude. And what a proud father he could be! Unlike his children of African descent in America, these children would grow up, nay, develop, in a free society. They would be black and beautiful; most would be brave and all would be free. They would create their own standard of beauty and excellence; create their own history and worship their own memories. And one day they would be men and women; have power and greatness, which, as Nkrumah said, "is indestructible because it is built not on fear, envy and suspicion; nor won at the expense of others but founded on hope, trust, friendship and directed to the good of all mankind." These things Malcolm felt in his heart and the portrait was produced in his face. Indeed, he was a picture of self- containment and, as Julian Mayfield said later, "the white man was off his back." But the change in Malcolm's face, though important and heartwarming, was less politically relevant than what ap- peared to be a radical change in the students' behavior. In- deed, the way in which they had responded to Malcolm and all that he represented was unbelievable. Why was their behavior unbelievable? The Legonites, as the students at the university were called, were considered by the CPP to be more conservative than the Conservatives and more English than the English. In fact, party news- papers and government propaganda had for years used a wide range of epithets to describe them, but the most com- mon were: "Reactionaries," "Ivory Towerists," "Stupid Con- servatives," and "Possessors of Neo-Colonialist Mentalities." The following account, taken from the major CPP news organ, the EveningNews, was a typical editorial: The reactionary students at the University of Ghana have failed to comprehend in clear focus thetrue significance and meaning of political independence and the terminology of the new imperial- ism. Due to this failure there has not been produced a frame of reference which is able to embrace and understand the objective conditions of Ghana and of Africa. . . . Lacking a political con- sciousness the Legonite is not willing and able to sacrifice himself forsomethinglarger and nobler than his ownpersonal andprivate interests. . . . The students, on their part, rejected these types of crit- icism as unsound and unacceptable. They felt that the CPP practiced little of what it preached; that Nkrumah's politics of the one-party state-because of its limited dimen- sions and political cultism-was not structurally nor ideo- logically flexible enough to utilize correctly the constructive and creative skills that Legon was designed to produce. The students felt that the CPP really wanted to control the uni- versity as it controlled other social institutions, using revolu- tionary language to create guilt feelings among the student body, while it perpetuated its true non-revolutionary char- acter-at the expense of the Ghanaian people. Moreover, (cid:9) Leslie Alexander Lacy 23 since the students were unable and afraid to register their political grievances openly, they showed their contempt for GPP rule by using party newspapers as supplementary toilet tissues, and also by intellectually harassing party or govern- ment officials who visited and spoke at the university. Given, therefore, this political polarization and Malcolm's identification with Nkrumah, most people assumed that Malcolm's words would fall upon closed ears. However, they felt that he would probably be able to deal with the harass- ment, although most of the students would not understand the complexities of Malcolm's racial experience and those who did would treat them as the "irrational and bitter out- burst of a frustrated Afro-American." Hence, when the stu- dents did not respond as predicted, shockand disbelief were the only clutches available for those who did not understand the innerdynamics of Partly-University dispute. Suddenly, the political polarization assumed much wider proportions. Were these the same students who had defied Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and cheered a total stranger? Didn't Malcolm X andtheir own President believe in roughly the same kind of world, extol the same political virtues and share the same spirit of exploration? I don't believe that anyone there that night wanted these questions answered . . .. or perhaps no one had any answers . . . or those who did venture to answer were probably confused by their own find- ings . . . or, at the very least, afraid of what their answers might imply. Only the students acted quickly and clearly. They liked Malcolm and they were showing it. And believe me, no one could have assassinated him that evening. Not only did they verbally shower him with affection, they also encircled him- to hold his hand, to touch his clothes. One young lady wiped Malcolm's face free of sweat and said to him, "Go, Brother Malcolm and rest, you are safe-you are home." Aside from the students, another interesting group which came out to hear Malcolm was the Afro-American com- munity. As I watched their faces and listened to their com- ments, it was quite obvious that most did not see or care about the students' reactions. Malcolm had cast a spell over them which expressed itself in the usual non-political idiom: "Malcolm blew!" "He sure was boss!" "He cooked," and so on. Not that there was anything wrong with these expres- sions. In fact, their very use implies a certain kind of un- derstanding and a certain level of commitment and identifi- cation. ButMalcolm's words haddelivered and saved them- because he "told it like it was." Malcolm had not made them think, but rather, had mesmerized their world of confusion and put them in a state of tranquility. And this was unfortunate, because they considered themselves revolu- tionaries. They were indeed a strange breed of political expatriates. Unable or unwilling to deal with racist and imperialist Amer- ica from within, these black Americans had come to Ghana to help other black people achieve their revolution. After dis- covering that they could not lead the revolution and becom- ing critical of those Ghanaians and leftwing Europeans who did lead, they settled down into a state of psychic self- righteousness and became either overly solicitous or hope- lessly mystified. When they reached that point, the rest was easy, for now they could walk and talk in the corridors of black power. From there, it meant that each Afro-American coming to Ghana had to prove under their inspection and by the rules of their refugee mentalities, that he was not a CIA agent. Further, it meant that they would believe as dogma everyexecutive decree PresidentNkrumah issued even though they held in contempt the corrupt administrators who carried them out. In short, their personality-that tool for social adjustment-was not well integrated to function smoothly, and the unnecessary emotional friction generated (cid:9) Leslie Alexander Lacy 25 resulted in unhappiness, unpopularity and spiritual empti- ness. Theirresponse -to Malcolm, therefore, was natural enough. They were not really interested in the details of his speech or its ultimate effects. They had probably heard a version of it before-or thought they had-and besides, they believed in it already. What they needed from Malcolm's speech was something no revolutionary should need or want. They wanted and needed a kind of psychological underpinning to support the understandable inadequacies in their own lives and, at the same time, provide them with a new sense of cultural euphoria which would make life with malaria, inefficiency and corruption that much more bearable. So given these political eyes, the students were still "reac- tionaries," in spite of the wayin which they had responded to Malcolm. Their reasoning went something like this: All black people will respond favorably to Malcolm regardless of what they believe. Beyond this, they were not overly concerned with stu- dent-government disputes. Malcolm X was their real political leader .and they had come to Ghana not because they loved Mother Africa, but rather, because they hated Father Amer- ica. And when Malcolm X and others had achieved the "revolution," they would quickly return to claim their posi- tion of leadership in the new black society. Perhaps Malcolm X understood the socio-psychic needs of the black Americans and what his presence symbolized to them. He especially understood the needs of the women in the Afro-American community. They literally "took" Mal- colm away from the students. They wanted their man all to themselves. It seemed as though they even resented these "reactionary" students talking to him. Malcolm, with his tremendous compassion and understanding, tried to create a climate in which both sides could express grievances and share feelings, but before long, his American sisters had led him off the podium, out of the Great Hall and into the garden, down the steps and into the car. When we finally arrived in Accra we drove directly to the Ghanaian Press Club. Malcolm was to be the guest of honor at a press soiree that had been organized by the Association of Ghanaian Journalists and Writers. We parked our car and then proceeded to squeeze through a long line of chauffeur-driven Mercedes-Benzs and other expensive Euro- pean automobiles, which were owned by party and govern- ment officials. We were greeted by Mr. Kofi Batsa, Secretary General of the Pan-African Union of journalists and a di- rector of the Ghana Graphic Company, Limited. "How did you like our reactionary university?" said Kofi Batsa to Malcolm. Malcolm smiled sympathetically and replied, "I always enjoy talking to my brothers and sisters." As wemoved to the beautifully decorated terrace, Malcolm turned suddenly and remarked, "Was Mr. Batsa serious?" No one replied. Malcolm's new bodyguards were very protective. Not many people could get near him, and the few who did were those very important people whom they thought he should meet. But Malcolm wanted to meet everyone, and from time to time he broke through the invisible black wall that sur- rounded him. The journalists had been very nice to Malcolm since his arrival. He had been given a press conference the day before and hadreceived excellent coverage in all of the local papers, including the Daily Graphic, a somewhat less radical news medium. The press soireewas fabulous. There were excellent Ghanaian dishes supported by excellent imported drinks, and the very excellent domestic palm wine. And since Malcolm never drank, he, unlike the rest of us, hadmore room for the delicious fried fish and fried plantains. (cid:9) Leslie Alexander Lacy 27 After a long and pleasant evening, the Malcolm X Com- mittee, which hadformed to organize Malcolm's visit, drove him back to the hotel. Our long days of preparation and planning for the arrival of Malcolm X had paid off. The Ghanaians seemed pleased and excited about him and he was pleased and excited about them. The drive back to the hotelwas a quiet one. No one spoke all a word. We were exhausted, elated, and I believe that a few of us were thinking about the students at the university. Malcolm sat in the front seat and looked straight ahead. Once or twice he turned his head to speak, but it seemed as though he could not bring himself to shatter the strange and pleasant quietness which filled our car. The only sounds came from the roadside. Most of the Ghanaians were asleep, for morning comes very quickly in the tropics and there is always a frantic hurry to beat the noonday heat. But the night people were always there: cooking by the side of the road, bringing their goods to the public market, or praying while watching their black masters' -and sometimes white masters'-houses. When we finally arrived at the beautiful Ambassador Hotel, a tall and proud Hausa doorman opened the car door on Malcolm's side, stood back, and Malcolm stepped down. Malcolmstretched his long arms and quietly saidgood night. By the next morning, the cry of "Malcolm X!" had swept the university. Mensah Sarbah Hall seemed to be the center of excitement. This was no doubt due to the fact that the Marxist Forum had its headquarters there; the Chinese-style architecture which formed the three buildings into a kind of medieval courtyard made the excitement that much more real. Since I was a member of the Malcolm X Committee, I wanted to have an early breakfast in order to take the eight A.M. bus to Accra. But I had come to breakfast early for adneonttshewrouilmpdorsatyanatboruetasMoanl. cIolwmanXtetdhetomohrenairnwghaafttetrhweardst.u-I didn't have to wait long. Students filed in by the dozens- pushing and excited as usual-shouting the slogan which they had chanted the night before: "Malcolm X! Malcolm X! Malcolm X!" You could have been on 125th Street and Seventh Avenue. The excitement and spirit of the people were the same. And it seemed so strange. The people in Harlem cheered Malcolm because they lived andknew they would die in the world in which they all hate. These students who cheered Malcolm the night before and who kept his name on their beautiful lips the morning after came from villages and towns which Malcolm would never see; where some of their kin had died of malaria; where there was no running water andno electricity. These were children of the Second World War whose mothers and fathers had told them about the first cries of independence. These students had experienced neither the brutal world of British colonialism nor the world of quiet hell which Malcolm X had brought to them. Yet they sounded like the youth in Harlem, Watts, Rochester and Bedford-Stuyvesant; exploding with joy and giving them- selves up to the "essence of thing." Students who had publicly criticized me and debated my political views came over, shook my hands, congratulated me on the success of the Forum and told me how much they enjoyed Mr. X. Some said that Mr. X was dynamic; others saidhe was militant; but they all said, "He is so honest." I felt very good. It was difficult not to cry. I wanted to hold each one of them because I loved them all. And Malcolm had made it all possible and none of us would eveArsfIorggoett tuhpatt.o leave for the bus, Harold Duggan, the first West Indian student to study at the university and the vice-chairman of the Forum, came into the dining hall and stood on the top of one of the center tables. He shouted,