Treubia 43: 31–46, December 2016 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 BIRDS OF HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Saitou, N. & M. Nei 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic ENDEMISM, CONSERVATION AND THREATENED STATUS trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4: 406-425. Dewi M. Prawiradilaga Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. pp. 312- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) 529. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected] Suyanto, A. 2001. Kelelawar di Indonesia. Bogor: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 126 pp. Temminck, C.J. 1827 (1824)-1841. Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de Received: 8 August 2016; Accepted: 5 December 2016 mammiferes, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l’Europe. C.C. Vander Hoek, Leiden, 392 pp. ABSTRACT Thompson, J.D., T.J. Gibson & F. Plewniak 1997. The Clustal X Windows Interface: Flexible Strategies for Bird surveys and long-term bird monitoring in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park were Multiple Sequence Alignment Aided by the Quality Analysis Tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 24: conducted between 1998 and 2009 to obtain comprehensive data on the bird species in the area. Compilation 4876-4882. of bird data from this study and other studies have recorded a total of 271 species, which is about 53.4% of van Strien, N.J. 1986. Abbreviated checklist of the mammals of the Australian Archipelago. School of all Javan birds (507 species) or 16.9% of all Indonesian birds (1605 species). As an important bird area, Environmental Conservation Management, Bogor, 91 pp. Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is home to 43 Indonesian and Javan endemic species. Among the Verstappen, H.T. 1975. On palaeoclimates and landform development in Malesia. In: Bartstra, G.J. & W.A. endemics, 32 species are restricted range species. Gaps in the protection status of the bird species are Casparie (eds.). Modern Quarternary Research in Southeast Asia. Rotterdam. pp. 3-36. discussed. The results of this study show that Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park has the highest richness of bird species in the Java-Bali region and the conservation of its endemic and threatened species should be White, P.S. & L.D. Densmore 1992. Mitochondrial DNA isolation. In: Hoelzel, A.R. (ed). Molecular given main priority. genetic analysis of population. IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 29-58. Key words: Birds, conservation status, endemism, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, threatened status Whitmore, T.C. 1987. Biogeographical evolution of the Malay Archipelago. Clarendon Press Oxford, 160 pp. INTRODUCTION Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is the largest remnant rainforest block on Java, Indonesia (Whitten 1994), and covers an area of ca. 113,357 ha (Hartono et al. 2007). Geographically, it is located between 6032’-6055’ South and 106013’-106046’ East, at an elevation between 500 and 2,211 m asl (Hartono et al. 2007). It includes three mountain ranges (G. Halimun complex, G. Salak complex and G. Endut complex) and three districts (Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak) in West Java (Fig.1). Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park has more than 700 plant species, which can be categorised into 119 families and 391 genera. Based on the altitude, its vegetation can be divided into three zones: a) Colline zone at an altitude from 500 to 1,000 m; b) Sub-montane zone at an altitude from 1,000 to 1,500 m; c) Montane zone at an altitude from 1,500 to 2,400 m (Van Steenis, 1972). In the colline zone, common tree species include ‘rasamala’ (Altingia excelsa), ‘puspa’ (Schima wallichii), ‘saninten’ (Castanopsis javanica), ‘kiriung anak’(Castanopsis acuminatissima) and ‘pasang’ (Quercus gemelliflora). There are also Dipterocarpaceae trees at the altitude 600-700 m. In the sub-montane zone, the height of trees may reach 30 to 40 m with diameter (dbh) of 120 cm. Common tree species include: ‘ganitri’ (Elaeocarpus ganitrus), figs (Ficus sp.), Acer laurinum, Eurya acuminatissima, Antidesba bunius, cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.), ‘ki merak’ (Weinmannia blumei). The montane zone is low in tree density and tree height, is dominated by Fagaceae including Castanopsis spp., Lithocarpus spp. and Querqus spp., with moist conditions and tree stems covered by mosses (Simbolon & Mirmanto 1997). Lichens and other volcanic plants are found on the peak of Mt. Salak at 2,211 m asl. (Hartono et al. 2007). 46 47 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 d n a x e pl m o c k a al S G. x, e pl m o c n u m ali H G. ( s e g n a r n ai nt u o m e e r h t g n wi o h s ) 7 0 0 2 P M P N S GHk). A ba Ce IL (Jd Park mi an al bu na ok atiSu Nr, alak Bogo un-Scts ( Halimdistri g ee Gununand thr of x) Map mple o e 1. dut c rn uE FigG. 48 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Prawiradilaga: Birds of Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia: endemism, ……... With regard to the bird species in the area, an early preliminary list was based on museum d slopceactiimonesn s a(cMroascsK ian nsohno r1t9 8p8e)r.i oFdo ll(oew.gi.n gU tEhiAs li1s9t,9 s4e, veAradlh ibkierdra nstau deiet s awl.e re1 9c9o8n,d uHcteerdy aadti ce2r0ta0i2n, n a x e Prawiradilaga et al. 2013). The current study was carried out over a wide range of locations within pl m o the national park and over a long time period of approximately 12 years. The main objective is to c k a al provide comprehensive data on the birds of Gunung Halimun-Salak, which forms part of the S G. x, Endemic Bird Area (EBA) 160 (Stattersfield 1998). e mpl o c n MATERIALS AND METHODS u m ali H Bird surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2009 (Table 1). The surveys were carried G. s ( out mostly by capture and release methods using mist-nets set up in the area. Approximately 100 m e g n a long mistnets were mounted and set up between 06.00 and 18.00 hours. In order to complete the r n ntai data, non-systematic observations including raptor monitoring were also conducted. Observations u o m were carried out with binoculars and telescopes. e e r h t Recorded birds were identified using available field guide books (MacKinnon 1988, g n wi MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993, Prawiradilaga et al. 2003a, Prawiradilaga et al. 2003b). The order of o h s 7) bird families and species follows Sukmantoro et al. (2007). Endemic status follows Sukmantoro et 0 0 2 P al. (2007) and MacKinnon & Phillipps (2009), protection status follows Anonymous (2007) and M P N threat status follows the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/), S GHk). http://www.hbw/com/node and BirdLife International (2016). A ba Ce (JId L Additional data were collected from previous bird studies (UEA 1994, MacKinnon & Park mi an Phillipps 1993, Adhikerana et al. 1998) and other studies (Harahap 2002 pers.comm., Rinaldi 2006 al bu na ok pers.comm., Prawiradilaga et al. 2013, Suparmo 2014 pers.comm.). Bird species richness and atiSu alak NBogor, endemism were compared with other Javan national parks. un-Scts ( Halimdistri RESULTS g ee Gununand thr with totTalh e1 8H12al.i5m munis-tSnaeltatikn gr ahnoguer sw aansd v 3is8i7te.5d o5b0s etrimvaetsio dnu hroinugr st h(Te apbeleri o1d). bTehtwe eneunm 1b9er9 8o fa rnedc o2r0d0e9d of x) Map mple bird species on each visit ranged from 6 to 71 species (Table 1) with a total number of 271 species o e 1. dut c (Table 3), which is approximately 53.4% of all Javan and Balinese species (271 out of 507 species). rn uE FigG. The highest number of visits were conducted in the Mt. Kendeng-Halimun complex in 2000 and 2001. The lowest (6 species) and the highest number (71 species) of species were recorded from the Mt. Kendeng-Halimun complex (Table 1). 48 49 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Table 1. Time, frequency of visits, mistnetting and observation hours within Halimun Salak range No Site Year Frequency Mistnet Observation Total No. of of visits hours hours recorded species 1 Mt. Botol – Halimun complex 1998 1 36 0 23 2 Mt. Bodas – Halimun complex 1999 1 36 25.5 46 3 Mt. Bengreng- South Halimun 1999 1 42 0 19 4 Mt. Bengreng- South Halimun 2000 1 42 33.5 25 5 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2000 15 449 72 71 6 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2001 13 473 48 68 7 Mts.of North Halimun and adjacent areas 2001 1 0 15 14 8 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2002 6 206 0 44 9 Mt. Bedil – West Halimun 2002 1 25 8 38 10 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2003 3 126 0 39 11 Halimun-Salak corridor 2003 1 50 8 30 12 Halimun-Salak corridor 2004 1 46 30 42 13 Halimun-Endut corridor 2005 1 0 50 33 14 Mt. Gagak – Salak complex 2005 1 48.5 33 42 15 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2005 1 12 0 6 16 Halimun-Salak corridor 2006 1 37 40 49 17 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2007 1 38 0 20 18 Kawah Ratu – Mt. Salak 2008 1 42 12 52 19 Halimun-Salak corridor 2008 1 20 12.5 34 20 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2009 1 84 0 30 T o t a l 50 1812.5 387.5 In total, 53 bird families were recorded in the area. Eighteen out of the 53 families were represented by the full number of member species that can be found on Java and Bali. These are Podargidae, Hemiprocnidae, Trogonidae, Bucerotidae, Capitonidae, Eurylaimidae, Hirundinidae, Aegithinidae, Chloropseidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Acanthizidae, Platysteridae, Monarchidae, Aegithalidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Dicruridae and Artamidae. The other families were represented in Halimun-Salak by 3.2 to 93.75% of member species known to occur on Java and Bali (Table 2). Endemism In total, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park supports 43 endemic 17 of which are endemic to Indonesia in general and 26 are endemic to Java-Bali (Table 3). The most important of those endemic species are restricted range species which have been defined as having historical breeding ranges globally smaller than 50,000 km2 (Bibby et al. 1992, Sujatnika et al, 1995). There are 32 restricted range bird species recorded in the area: Javan Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi), Chestnut-bellied Partridge (Arborophila javanica), Sumatran Green Pigeon (Treron oxyura), Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus), Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon (Ducula lacernulata), Javan Scops-owl (Otus angelinae), Salvadori’s Nightjar (Caprimulgus pulchellus), 50 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Prawiradilaga: Birds of Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia: endemism, ……... Table 1. Time, frequency of visits, mistnetting and observation hours within Halimun Salak range Giant Swiftlet (Hydrochous gigas), Volcano Swiftlet (Collocalia vulcanorum), Blue-tailed Trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii), Brown-throated Barbet (Megalaima corvina), Flame-fronted Barbet No Site Year Frequency Mistnet Observation Total No. of of visits hours hours recorded species (Megalaima armillaris), Sunda Minivet (Pericrocotus miniatus), Orange-spotted Bulbul 1 Mt. Botol – Halimun complex 1998 1 36 0 23 (Pycnonotus bimaculatus), Sunda Bulbul (Ixos virescens), Sunda Robin (Cinclidium diana), Sunda 2 Mt. Bodas – Halimun complex 1999 1 36 25.5 46 3 Mt. Bengreng- South Halimun 1999 1 42 0 19 Forktail (Enicurus velatus), Javan Cochoa (Cochoa azurea), White-breasted Babbler (Stachyris 4 Mt. Bengreng- South Halimun 2000 1 42 33.5 25 grammiceps), White-bibbed Babbler (Stachyris thoracica), Crescent-chested Babbler (Stachyris 5 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2000 15 449 72 71 melanothorax), Grey-cheeked Tit-Babbler (Macronous flavicollis), Rufous-fronted Laughing 6 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2001 13 473 48 68 7 Mts.of North Halimun and adjacent areas 2001 1 0 15 14 Thrush (Garrulax rufifrons), Javan Fulvetta (Alcippe pyrrhoptera), Spotted Crocias (Crocias 8 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2002 6 206 0 44 albonotatus), Javan Tesia (Tesia superciliaris), Sunda Warbler (Seicercus grammiceps), Rufous- 9 Mt. Bedil – West Halimun 2002 1 25 8 38 tailed Fantail (Rhipidura phoenicura), White-bellied Fantail (Rhipidura euryura), Pygmy Bush-tit 10 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2003 3 126 0 39 11 Halimun-Salak corridor 2003 1 50 8 30 (Psaltria exilis), White-flanked Sunbird (Aethopyga eximia) and Grey-throated White-eye 12 Halimun-Salak corridor 2004 1 46 30 42 (Lophozopterops javanicus). 13 Halimun-Endut corridor 2005 1 0 50 33 14 Mt. Gagak – Salak complex 2005 1 48.5 33 42 15 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2005 1 12 0 6 Table 2. Number of bird species in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park in proportion to the birds of Java-Bali 16 Halimun-Salak corridor 2006 1 37 40 49 17 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2007 1 38 0 20 No. of Species Proportion (%) No. Family 18 Kawah Ratu – Mt. Salak 2008 1 42 12 52 GHSNP Java-Bali 19 Halimun-Salak corridor 2008 1 20 12.5 34 1 Phalacrocoracidae 1 4 25 20 Mt. Kendeng - Halimun complex 2009 1 84 0 30 2 Ardeidae 4 19 21.05 T o t a l 50 1812.5 387.5 3 Ciconiidae 1 4 25 4 Accipitridae 14 22 63.6 In total, 53 bird families were recorded in the area. Eighteen out of the 53 families were 5 Falconidae 2 6 33.3 represented by the full number of member species that can be found on Java and Bali. These are 6 Phasianidae 4 6 66.6 Podargidae, Hemiprocnidae, Trogonidae, Bucerotidae, Capitonidae, Eurylaimidae, Hirundinidae, 7 Turnicidae 1 2 50 Aegithinidae, Chloropseidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Acanthizidae, Platysteridae, Monarchidae, 8 Rallidae 2 12 16.6 9 Scolopacidae 1 31 3.2 Aegithalidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Dicruridae and Artamidae. The other families were represented in 10 Columbidae 17 25 68 Halimun-Salak by 3.2 to 93.75% of member species known to occur on Java and Bali (Table 2). 11 Psittacidae 2 3 66.6 Endemism 12 Cuculidae 13 23 56.9 13 Strigidae 7 9 77.7 In total, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park supports 43 endemic 17 of which are 14 Podargidae 2 2 100 endemic to Indonesia in general and 26 are endemic to Java-Bali (Table 3). The most important of 15 Caprimulgidae 3 4 75 those endemic species are restricted range species which have been defined as having historical 16 Apodidae 10 13 76.9 breeding ranges globally smaller than 50,000 km2 (Bibby et al. 1992, Sujatnika et al, 1995). There 17 Hemiprocnidae 1 1 100 are 32 restricted range bird species recorded in the area: Javan Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi), 18 Trogonidae 2 2 100 Chestnut-bellied Partridge (Arborophila javanica), Sumatran Green Pigeon (Treron oxyura), 19 Alcedinidae 6 14 42.9 20 Bucerotidae 3 3 100 Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus), Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon (Ducula 21 Capitonidae 6 6 100 lacernulata), Javan Scops-owl (Otus angelinae), Salvadori’s Nightjar (Caprimulgus pulchellus), 50 51 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Table 2 (continued) No. of Species Proportion (%) No. Family GHSNP Java-Bali 22 Picidae 14 16 87.5 23 Eurylaimidae 1 1 100 24 Pittidae 2 3 66.6 25 Hirundinidae 4 4 100 26 Motacillidae 3 4 75 27 Campephagidae 8 11 72.7 28 Aegithinidae 1 1 100 29 Chloropsidae 2 2 100 30 Pycnonotidae 11 12 91.7 31 Irenidae 1 1 100 32 Laniidae 3 3 100 33 Turdidae 17 19 89.5 34 Timaliidae 19 20 95 35 Sylviidae 16 23 69.6 36 Muscicapidae 13 17 76.5 37 Acanthizidae 1 1 100 38 Platysteridae 1 1 100 39 Monarchidae 2 2 100 40 Rhipiduridae 2 3 66.6 41 Aegithalidae 1 1 100 42 Paridae 1 1 100 43 Sittidae 2 2 100 44 Dicaeidae 5 8 62.5 45 Nectariniidae 11 12 91.7 46 Zosteropidae 3 4 75 47 Estrildidae 6 8 75 48 Ploceidae 1 4 25 49 Sturnidae 4 8 50 50 Oriolidae 2 3 75 51 Dicruridae 6 6 100 52 Artamidae 1 1 100 53 Corvidae 5 6 83.3 T o t a l 271 388 71.9 52 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Prawiradilaga: Birds of Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia: endemism, ……... Table 2 (continued) Conservation status Table 3 shows that 55 species (19.7% of the total birds of Gunung Halimun-Salak National No. of Species No. Family GHSNP Java-Bali Proportion (%) Park) are protected by Indonesian Law, i.e. Law No. 5 / 1990 and Government Regulation No. 7 / 1999. Protected species include Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia 22 Picidae 14 16 87.5 23 Eurylaimidae 1 1 100 episcopus), 15 species of eagles (Accipitridae), 2 species of falcons (Falconidae), Javan Scops 24 Pittidae 2 3 66.6 Owl, Blue-tailed Trogon, Orange-breasted Trogon (Apalharpactes oreskios), 6 species of king 25 Hirundinidae 4 4 100 fishers (Alcedinidae), 3 species of hornbills (Bucerotidae), 3 species of barbets (Capitonidae), 2 26 Motacillidae 3 4 75 species of pittas (Pittidae), White-breasted Babbler, Crescent-chested Babbler, Rufous-fronted 27 Campephagidae 8 11 72.7 Laughing Thrush, Javan Fulvetta, Spotted Crocias, Rufous-tailed Fantail, White-bellied Fantail, 28 Aegithinidae 1 1 100 Pygmy Bushtit, 11 species of sunbird (Nectariniidae) and Grey-throated White-eye. 29 Chloropsidae 2 2 100 30 Pycnonotidae 11 12 91.7 Threatened Status 31 Irenidae 1 1 100 Based on IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) threat categories, there 32 Laniidae 3 3 100 are 2 critically endangered species: Blue-banded Kingfisher (Alcedo euryzona) and Short-tailed 33 Turdidae 17 19 89.5 34 Timaliidae 19 20 95 Green Magpie (Cissa thalassina) (Table 3). In addition, there are 4 endangered species: Javan 35 Sylviidae 16 23 69.6 Hawk-eagle, Blue-tailed Trogon, White-rumped Woodpecker (Meiglyptes tristis) and Rufous- 36 Muscicapidae 13 17 76.5 fronted Laughing Thrush. Vulnerable species include: Woolly-necked Stork, Grey-breasted 37 Acanthizidae 1 1 100 Partridge (Arborophila orientalis), Large Green Pigeon (Treron capellei), Javan Scops Owl, Great 38 Platysteridae 1 1 100 Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus), Javan Cochoa, Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher 39 Monarchidae 2 2 100 (Rhinomyias brunneata) and Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora). Near threatened species are: Darter, 40 Rhipiduridae 2 3 66.6 41 Aegithalidae 1 1 100 Grey-headed Fish Eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus), Band-bellied Crake (Porzana paykullii), 42 Paridae 1 1 100 Sumatran Green Pigeon, Jambu Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus jambu), Yellow-throated Hanging Parrot 43 Sittidae 2 2 100 (Loriculus pusillus), Reddish Scops Owl (Otus rufescens), Salvadori’s Nightjar, Giant Swiftlet, 44 Dicaeidae 5 8 62.5 Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), Black-banded Barbet (Megalaima javensis), 45 Nectariniidae 11 12 91.7 Scaly-breasted Bulbul (Pycnonotus squamatus), Sunda Bulbul, Chestnut-capped Thrush (Zoothera 46 Zosteropidae 3 4 75 interpres), Large-Wren Babbler (Napothera macrodactyla), White-breasted Babbler, Spotted 47 Estrildidae 6 8 75 Crocias, Rufous-chested Flycatcher (Ficedula dumetoria), Maroon-breasted Philentoma 48 Ploceidae 1 4 25 49 Sturnidae 4 8 50 (Philentoma velatum), Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) and Crested Jay (Platylophus 50 Oriolidae 2 3 75 galericulatus).The remaining species are mostly least concern species (Table 3). 51 Dicruridae 6 6 100 52 Artamidae 1 1 100 DISCUSSION 53 Corvidae 5 6 83.3 The number of bird families at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is high, T o t a l 271 388 71.9 approxi-mately 65.4% (53 out of 81 families) of the number of bird families in Java-Bali (Sukmantoro et al. 2007). Also, the species richness is the highest among national parks in the Java-Bali region. It reaches 53.4% (271 out of 507 species) of the total number of Java-Bali bird 52 53 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 species (Sukmantoro 2007) or 16.9% (271 out of 1605 species) of the total of Indonesian bird species (Widjaja et al. 2014). At Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park,the species richnessis 245 species (Whitten et al. 1996), at Ujung Kulon National Park 234 species (Hoogerwerf 1970), at Baluran National Park 225 species (Winnasis et al. 2011) and Alas PurwoNational Park 227 species (Grantham 2000). Among bird species recorded in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Sunda Frogmouth (Batrachostomus cornutus), Brown-chested Jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias brunneata), Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica) (Prawiradilaga et al. 2003, 2004) and Siberian Blue Robin (Luscinia cyane) (Prawiradilaga et.al. unpublished data) are new records for Java island. Endemism The results have showed that the number of endemic species in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is 11.5% (43 out of 372) of the total Indonesian endemic species or 48% (43 out of 88) of the Java-Bali endemic species (Sukmantoro et al. 2007). On the other hand, the number of restricted range forest species, which is the most important criterion to determine the extent of endemic bird areas (Bibby et al. 1992, Sujatnika et al. 1995), is very high. Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park harbours 32 out of 34 restricted range species of Java-Bali forests as defined by Sujatnika et al. (1995). In comparison to other Javan national parks, this number is similar to that of Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park (Whitten et al. 1996). However, other national parks such as Ujung Kulon National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park have fewer restricted range species, namely 8, 5, 6 and 4 species, respectively (Hoogerwerf 1970, MacKinnon 1993, Sujatnika et al. 1995, Rombang & Rudyanto 1999, Winnasis et al. 2011). Conservation and Threatened Status There are gaps between national protection status and international categorisation of threatened status by the IUCN in Indonesian bird conservation (Prawiradilaga 2015). So far, only 19.7% of the birds of Gunung Halimun-Salak have been protected by Indonesian Laws. The protection has covered one critically endangered species, the Blue-banded Kingfisher (Alcedo euryzona), and 3 endangered species: Javan Hawk-eagle, Blue-tailed Trogon and Rufous-fronted Laughing thrush (Table 3). Although the Short-tailed Green Magpie has been categorised as critical and White-rumped Woodpecker has been categorised as endangered, theyhave not been protected yet. This is because they were just recently categorized as critical and endangered by IUCN (BirdLife Inter-national 2016) and their population has not been assessed. However, the other critical and en-dangered species mentioned above have been protected since 1999 (Anonymous 2007). 54 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Prawiradilaga: Birds of Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia: endemism, ……... species (Sukmantoro 2007) or 16.9% (271 out of 1605 species) of the total of Indonesian bird Table 3 shows that there are eight vulnerable species and 23 near threatened species species (Widjaja et al. 2014). At Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park,the species richnessis 245 recorded at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Among vulnerable species, only Javan Scops species (Whitten et al. 1996), at Ujung Kulon National Park 234 species (Hoogerwerf 1970), at Owl is protected (Anonymous 2007) and Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher is a migratory species Baluran National Park 225 species (Winnasis et al. 2011) and Alas PurwoNational Park 227 species (Sukmantoro et al. 2007). Most near threatened species are not protected, except four species (Grantham 2000). Among bird species recorded in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Sunda (17.4%), i.e. Rhinoceros Hornbill, Black-banded Barbet, White-breasted Babbler and Spotted Frogmouth (Batrachostomus cornutus), Brown-chested Jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias brunneata), Crocias are protected (Anonymous 2007). Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica) (Prawiradilaga et al. 2003, 2004) and Siberian Blue Some bird species that are found in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park recently have Robin (Luscinia cyane) (Prawiradilaga et.al. unpublished data) are new records for Java island. been considered heavily threatened by the cage bird trade (Lee et al. 2016). Those species include Greater Green Leafbird (Chloropsis sonneratii), Orange-spotted Bulbul (Pycnonotus bimaculatus), Endemism Grey-cheeked Bulbul (Criniger bres), Asian Fairy Bluebird (Irena puella), Long-tailed Shrike, The results have showed that the number of endemic species in Gunung Halimun-Salak Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis), White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus), National Park is 11.5% (43 out of 372) of the total Indonesian endemic species or 48% (43 out of Chestnut-capped Thrush, Orange-headed Thrush (Zoothera citrina), Rufous-fronted Laughing 88) of the Java-Bali endemic species (Sukmantoro et al. 2007). On the other hand, the number of Thrush, Hill Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis banyumas), Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), restricted range forest species, which is the most important criterion to determine the extent of Pin-tailed Parrot-Finch (Erythrura prasina), Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora), Asian Pied Starling endemic bird areas (Bibby et al. 1992, Sujatnika et al. 1995), is very high. Gunung Halimun-Salak (Sturnus contra), Javan Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Short-tailed Green Magpie. Currently, National Park harbours 32 out of 34 restricted range species of Java-Bali forests as defined by regional strategies to conserve those species are being implemented. It is expected that the strategy Sujatnika et al. (1995). In comparison to other Javan national parks, this number is similar to that of would include population assessment of those species at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park to Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park (Whitten et al. 1996). However, other national parks such update their distribution and population in the park. as Ujung Kulon National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park have fewer restricted range species, namely 8, 5, 6 and 4 species, respectively CONCLUSIONS (Hoogerwerf 1970, MacKinnon 1993, Sujatnika et al. 1995, Rombang & Rudyanto 1999, Winnasis Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park as a part of the Endemic Bird Area 160 has the et al. 2011). highest bird species richness in the Java-Bali region, especially in terms of endemic restricted range species. However, only some of the restricted range bird species recorded in the area have Conservation and Threatened Status been protected. There are gaps between national protection status and international categorisation of threatened status by the IUCN in Indonesian bird conservation (Prawiradilaga 2015). So far, only ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 19.7% of the birds of Gunung Halimun-Salak have been protected by Indonesian Laws. The The research was mostly funded by the Research & Development Centre for Biology-LIPI, protection has covered one critically endangered species, the Blue-banded Kingfisher (Alcedo Biodiversity Conservation Project-JICA and Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park Management euryzona), and 3 endangered species: Javan Hawk-eagle, Blue-tailed Trogon and Rufous-fronted Project-JICA. The author would like to thank many people for their help in the field especially the Laughing thrush (Table 3). Although the Short-tailed Green Magpie has been categorised as critical late Alwin Marakarmah, Satrio Wijamukti, Apud, M. Irham and other field assistants. and White-rumped Woodpecker has been categorised as endangered, theyhave not been protected Drs. Sudarmadji, Dr. Dwi Setiono and Dr. Bambang Supriyanto, the previous Head of Gunung yet. This is because they were just recently categorized as critical and endangered by IUCN Halimun-Salak National Park provided permit and access to work in the area. Special thanks are (BirdLife Inter-national 2016) and their population has not been assessed. However, the other directed to Dr. Yeni A. Mulyani and Dr. Frank E. Rheindt for improving the manuscript. critical and en-dangered species mentioned above have been protected since 1999 (Anonymous 2007). 54 55 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 Table 3. List of birds of Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia National No Family Species Common Name IUCN Category Protection Status Anhinga melanogaster 1 Phalacrocoraciidae Darter Protected by A, B Near Threatened Pennant, 1769 Ardea cinerea 2 Ardeidae Grey Heron Not protected Least Concern Linnaeus, 1758 Butorides striatus 3 Ardeidae Striated Heron Not protected Least Concern (Linnaeus, 1758) Gorsachius melanolophus 4 Ardeidae Malayan Night Heron Not protected Least Concern (Raffles, 1822) Ixobrychus eurythmus 5 Ardeidae Schrenck’s Bittern Not protected Least Concern (Swinhoe, 1873) Ciconia episcopus 6 Ciconiidae Woolly-necked Stork Protected by A, B Vulnerable (Boddaert, 1783) Pernis ptilorhynchus 7 Accipitridae Crested Honey Buzzard Protected by A, B Least Concern (Temminck, 1821) Elanus caeruleus 8 Accipitridae Black-winged Kite Protected by A, B Least Concern (Desfontaines, 1789) Haliastur indus 9 Accipitridae Brahminy Kite Protected by A, B Least Concern (Boddaert, 1783) Haliaeetus leucogaster 10 Accipitridae White-bellied Sea-eagle Protected by A, B Least Concern (Gmelin, 1788) Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus 11 Accipitridae Grey-headed Fish Eagle Protected by A, B Near Threatened (Horsfield, 1821) Spilornis cheela 12 Accipitridae Crested Serpent Eagle Protected by A, B Least Concern (Latham, 1790) Accipiter trivirgatus 13 Accipitridae Crested Goshawk Protected by A, B Least Concern (Temminck, 1824) Accipiter soloensis 14 Accipitridae Chinese Sparrowhawk Protected by A, B Least Concern (Horsfield, 1821) Accipiter gularis 15 Accipitridae (Temminck & Schlegel, Japanese Sparrowhawk Protected by A, B Least Concern 1844) Accipiter virgatus 16 Accipitridae Besra Protected by A, B Least Concern (Temminck, 1822) Ictinaetus malayensis 17 Accipitridae Black Eagle Protected by A, B Least Concern (Temminck, 1822) Hieraeetus kienerii 18 Accipitridae (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Rufous-bellied Eagle Protected by A, B Least Concern 1835) Spizaetus cirrhatus 19 Accipitridae Crested Hawk -eagle Protected by A, B Least Concern (Gmelin, 1788) Spizaetus bartelsi 20 Accipitridae Javan Hawk-eagle Protected by A, B Endangered Stresemann, 1924 (EJ) Microchierax fringillarius Black-thighed 21 Falconidae Protected by A, B Not Evaluated (Drapiez, 1824) Falconet Falco moluccensis 22 Falconidae Spotted Kestrel Protected by A, B Least Concern (Bonaparte, 1850) Arborophila orientalis Grey-breasted 23 Phasianidae Not protected Vulnerable (Horsfield, 1821) (E) Partridge 56