Project Gutenberg's Birds Every Child Should Know, by Neltje Blanchan This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Birds Every Child Should Know Author: Neltje Blanchan Release Date: December 6, 2011 [EBook #38233] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW *** Produced by Don Kostuch [Transcriber's notes] This is derived from a copy on the Internet Archive: http://www.archive.org/details/birdsthateverych00doub Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book. Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" and inconsistent spelling is left unchanged. Thanks to Kathy Danek for introducing me to this book. [End Transcriber's notes] {cover} BIRDS Every Child Should Know by Neltje Blanchan {i} BIRDS EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW {ii} Red-Eyed Vireo. {iii} BIRDS THAT EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW BY NELTJE BLANCHAN Author of "Bird Neighbours," "Birds that Hunt and Are Hunted," "Nature's Garden," and "How to Attract the Birds." SIXTY-THREE PAGES OF PHOTOGRAPHS FROM LIFE NEW YORK GROSSET & DUNLAP PUBLISHERS {iv} Copyright, 1907, by Doubleday, Page & Company All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian. {v} PREFACE If all his lessons were as joyful as learning to know the birds in the fields and woods, there would be no "...whining Schoole-boy with his Satchell And shining morning face creeping like Snaile Unwillingly to schoole." Long before his nine o'clock headache appears, lessons have begun. Nature herself is the teacher who rouses him from his bed with an outburst of song under the window and sets his sleepy brain to wondering whether it was a robin's clear, ringing call that startled him from his dreams, or the chipping sparrow's wiry tremulo, or the gushing little wren's tripping cadenza. Interest in the birds trains the ear quite unconsciously. A keen, intelligent listener is rare, even among grown-ups, but a child who is becoming acquainted with the birds about him hears every sound and puzzles out its meaning with a cleverness that amazes those with ears who hear not. He responds to the first alarm note from the nesting blue birds in the orchard and dashes out of the house to chase away a prowling cat. He knows from {vi} afar the distress caws of a company of crows and away he goes to be sure that their persecutor is a hawk. A faint tattoo in the woods sends him climbing up a tall straight tree with the confident expectation of finding a woodpecker's nest within the hole in its side. While training his ears, Nature is also training every muscle in his body, sending him on long tramps across the fields in pursuit of a new bird to be identified, making him run and jump fences and wade brooks and climb trees with the zest that produces an appetite like a saw-mill's and deep sleep at the close of a happy day. When President Roosevelt was a boy he was far from strong, and his anxious father and mother naturally encouraged every interest that he showed in out-of-door pleasures. Among these, perhaps the keenest that he had was in birds. He knew the haunts of every species within a wide radius of his home and made a large collection of eggs and skins that he presented to the Smithsonian Museum when he could no longer endure the evidences of his "youthful indiscretion," as he termed the collector's mania. But those bird hunts that had kept him happily employed in the open air all day long, helped to make him the strong, manly man he is, whose wonderful physical endurance is not the least factor of his greatness. No one abhors the killing of birds and the {vii} robbing of nests more than he; few men, not specialists, know so much about bird life. Nature, the best teacher of us all, trains the child's eyes through study of the birds to quickness and precision, which are the first requisites for all intelligent observation in every field of knowledge. I know boys who can name a flock of ducks when they are mere specks twinkling in their rapid rush across the autumn sky; and girls who instantly recognise a goldfinch by its waving flight above the garden. The white band across the end of the kingbird's tail leads to his identification the minute some sharp young eyes perceive it. At a considerable distance, a little girl I know distinguished a white-eyed from a red-eyed vireo, not by the colour of the iris of either bird's eye, but by the yellowish white bars on the white- eyed vireo's wings which she had noticed at a glance. Another girl named the yellow-billed cuckoo, almost hidden among the shrubbery, by the white thumb-nail spots on the quills of his outspread tail where it protruded for a second from a mass of leaves. A little urchin from the New York City slums was the first to point out to his teacher, who had lived twenty years on a farm, the faint reddish streaks on the breast of a yellow warbler in Central Park. Many there are who have eyes and see not. What does the study of birds do for the {viii} imagination, that high power possessed by humans alone, that lifts them upward step by step into new realms of discovery and joy? If the thought of a tiny hummingbird, a mere atom in the universe, migrating from New England to Central America will not stimulate a child's imagination, then all the tales of fairies and giants and beautiful princesses and wicked witches will not cause his sluggish fancy to roam. Poetry and music, too, would fail to stir it out of the deadly commonplace. Interest in bird life exercises the sympathies. The child reflects something of the joy of the oriole whose ecstasy of song from the elm on the lawn tells the whereabouts of a dangling "cup of felt" with its deeply hidden treasures. He takes to heart the tragedy of a robin's mud-plastered nest in the apple tree that was washed apart by a storm, and experiences something akin to remorse when he takes a mother bird from the jaws of his pet cat. He listens for the return of the bluebirds to the starch-box home he made for them on top of the grape arbour and is strangely excited and happy that bleak day in March when they re-appear. It is nature sympathy, the growth of the heart, not nature study, the training of the brain, that does most for us. Neltje Blanchan. Mill Neck, 1906. {ix} CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Our Robin Goodfellow and His Relations 3 Robin, Bluebird, Wood Thrush, Wilson's Thrush. II. Some Neighbourly Acrobats 17 Chickadee, Nuthatches, Titmouse, Kinglets. III. A Group of Lively Singers 31 Mockingbird, Catbird, Brown Thrasher, Wrens. IV. The Warblers 51 Yellow Warbler, Black and White Creeping Warbler, Ovenbird, Maryland Yellow-throat, Yellow-breasted Chat. V. Another Strictly American Family 67 The Vireos. VI. Birds Not of a Feather 77 Butcherbirds, Cedar Waxwing, Tanagers. VII. The Swallows 91 Purple Martin, Barn Swallow, Cliff Swallow, Tree Swallow, Bank Swallow. VIII. The Sparrow Tribe 105 Purple Finch, English Sparrow, Goldfinch, Vesper Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Tree Sparrow, Chippy, Field Sparrow, Junco, Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Fox Sparrow, Towhee, Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Snowflake. {x} IX. The Ill-assorted Blackbird Family 135 Bobolink, Cowbird, Red-wing, Meadowlark, Orioles, Blackbirds. X. Rascals We Must Admire 151 Crow, Blue Jay and Canada Jay. XI. The Flycatchers 159 Kingbird, Crested Flycatcher, Phoebe, Pewee, Least Flycatcher. XII. Some Queer Relations 173 Nighthawk, Whip-poor-will, Chimney Swift, Hummingbird. XIII. Non-union Carpenters 187 Our Five Common Woodpeckers. XIV. Cuckoo and Kingfisher 203 XV. Day and Night Allies of the Farmer 211 Buzzards, Hawks, and Owls. XVI. Whistler and Drummer 233 Bob-white and Ruffed Grouse. XVII. Birds of the Shore and Marshes 245 Snipe, Sandpiper, Plover, Rails and Coots, Bitterns and Herons. XVIII. The Fastest Flyers 265 Gulls, Ducks, and Geese. Index 275 {xi} [Transcriber's note: Scroll down for even pages and scroll up for odd pages.] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Red-eyed Vireo. Frontispiece FACING PAGE It is Only When he is a Baby that you Could Guess our Robin is Really a Thrush. (A. R. Dugmore) 8 Young Bluebirds Taking their First Walk. (A. R. Dugmore) 9 Baby Wood Thrushes—Notice the Family Resemblance Between them and the Baby Robins and Bluebirds. (A. R. Dugmore) 12 A Wood Thrush Startled by the Click of the Camera. (A. R. Dugmore) 13 The Chickadee at her Front Door. (A. R. Dugmore) 22 Young Nuthatches Learning their First Lesson in Balancing on a Horizontal Bar. (W. E. Carlin) 23 The Noisy Contents of a Soap Box: a Family of House Wrens. (A. R. Dugmore) 30 The Marsh Wren's Round Cradle Swung Among the Rushes. (A. R. Dugmore) 31 {xii} Like "Brer Rabbit" the Catbird is Usually "Bred en Bawn in a Brier Patch." (A. R. Dugmore) 34 Another Tragedy of the Nests: What Villain Ate the Catbird's Eggs? (Verne Morton) 35 "Mamma!" Young Mockingbird Calling for Breakfast. (A. R. Dugmore) 50 All is Well with this Yellow Warbler's Nest. (G. C. Embody) 51 Dinner for One: A Black-and-white Warbler Feeding her Baby. (A. R. Dugmore) 51 The Oven-bird who Calls "Teacher, Teacher, TEACHER, TEACHER, TEACHER!" (William P. Hopkins) 58 Oven-bird in her Cleverly Hidden Nest—Some of the Leaves and Sticks Have Been Pulled Away From the Front to Secure her picture. (A. R. Dugmore) 59 Young Oven-birds on Day of Leaving Nest. (A.R. Dugmore) 59 A Red-eyed Vireo Baby in his Cradle. (A. R. Dugmore) 76 Out of It. (A. R. Dugmore) 76 Home of the Loggerhead Shrike with Plenty of Convenient Hooks for this Butcher Bird to Hang Meat On. (R. H. Beehe) 77 The Cedar Waxwing. (W. P. Hopkins) 84 {xiii} The Gorgeous Scarlet Tanager, who Sang in this Tree, Was Killed by a Sling Shot. The Nest Was Deserted by his Terrified Mate. (A. R. Dugmore) 85 Young Barn Swallows Cradled Under the Rafters. (A. R. Dugmore) 96 Baby Barn Swallows Learning to Walk a Plank. (A. R. Dugmore) 97 The Most Cheerful of Bird Neighbours: Song Sparrows. (A. R. Dugmore) 116 A Baby Chippy and its Two Big Rose-breasted Grosbeak Cousins. 116 A Chipping Sparrow Family: One Baby Satisfied, the Next Nearly So, the Third Still Hungry. (A. R. Dugmore) 117 Cardinal. (C. W. Beebe) 134 That Dusky Rascal the Cowbird. (C. W. Beebe) 135 The Gorgeous Baltimore Oriole. (A. R. Dugmore) 146 How do you Suppose these Young Baltimore Orioles Ever Packed themselves into this Nest? (A. R. Dugmore) 147 Young Orchard Orioles. (A. R. Dugmore) 150 "There Were Three Crows Sat on a Tree." (A. R. Dugmore) 151 Blue Jay on her Nest. (R. H. Beebe) 158 {xiv} Five Little Teasers Get No Dinner from Mamma Blue Jay. (Craig S. Thomas) 159 Not Afraid of the Camera: Baby Blue Jays Out for their First Airing. (Craig S. Thomas) 159 The Dashing Great Crested Flycatcher. (A. R. Dugmore) 162 Baby Kingbirds in an Apple Tree. (A. R. Dugmore) 163 Four Crested Flycatchers, who Need to Have their Hair Brushed. (A. R. Dugmore) 164 Time for these Young Phoebes to Leave the Nest. (A. R. Dugmore) 165 Young Phoebes on a Bridge Trestle. (A. R. Dugmore) 165 Least Flycatchers in a Rose Bush 176 Nighthawk Resting in the Sunlight. (John Boyd) 177 A Chimney Swift at Rest. (C. W. Beebe) 180 Hummingbird Pumping Food into her Babies' Crops. (Julian Burroughs) 181 Twin Ruby-throats. (Julian Burroughs) 181 Our Little Friend Downy. (A. R. Dugmore) 192 The Red-headed Woodpecker. (C. W. Beehe) 193 The Sapsucker. (G. C. Embody) 198 Baby Flickers Just Out of their Hole. (A. R. Dugmore) 199 {xv} The Flicker. (C. W. Beebe) 206 Two Baby Cuckoos on the Rickety Bundle of Sticks that by Courtesy we Call a Nest. (Verne Morton) 207 Waiting for Mamma and Fish. (A. W. Anthony) 210 Young Belted Kingfisher on his Favourite Snag. (A. W. Anthony) 210 Kingfisher on the Look-out for a Dinner. (A. W. Anthony) 211 Turkey Buzzard: One of Nature's Best Housecleaners. (C. W. Beebe) 226 The Beautiful Little Sparrow Hawk. (C. W. Beebe) 227 Father and Mother Barn Owls. (Silas A. Lottridge) 232 The Heavenly Twins: Young Barn Owls. (Silas A. Lottridge) 233 A Little Screech Owl in the Sunlight Where Only a Photographer Could Find him. (C. W. Beehe) 236 Mrs. White on her Nest while Bob Whistles to her from the Wild Strawberry Patch. (A. R. Dugmore) 237 A Little Girl's Rare Pet. (C. F. Hodge) 242 The Drummer Drumming. (C. F. Hodge) 243 A Flock of Friendly Sandpipers and Turnstones in Wading. (Herbert K. Job) 258 {xvi} One Little Sandpiper. (R. H. Beebe) 259 The Coot. (C. W. Beebe) 259 The Little Green Heron, the Smallest and Most Abundant Member of his Tribe. (W. P. Hopkins) 260 Half-grown Little Green Herons on Dress Parade. (John M. Schreck) 261 Black-crowned Night Heron Rising from a Morass. (Alfred J. Might) 268 Canada Geese. (Geo. D. Bartlett) 269 The Feather-lined Nest of a Wild Duck 272 Sea Gulls in the Wake of a Garbage Scow Cleansing New York Harbour of Floating Refuse. 273 {3} CHAPTER I OUR ROBIN GOODFELLOW AND HIS RELATIONS: American Robin Bluebird Wood Thrush Wilson's Thrush {4} {5} THE AMERICAN ROBIN Called also: Red-breasted Thrush; Migratory Thrush; Robin Redbreast It is only when he is a baby that you could guess our robin is really a thrush, for then the dark speckles on his plump little yellowish-white breast are prominent thrush-like markings, which gradually fade, however, as he grows old enough to put on a brick-red vest like his father's. The European Cock Robin—a bird as familiar to you as our own, no doubt, because it was he who was killed by the Sparrow with the bow and arrow, you well remember, and it was he who covered the poor Babes in the Wood with leaves—is much smaller than our robin, even smaller than a sparrow, and he is not a thrush at all. But this hero of the story books has a red breast, and the English colonists, who settled this country, named our big, cheerful, lusty bird neighbour a robin, simply because his red breast reminded them of the wee little bird at home that they had loved when they were children. When our American robin comes out of the {6} turquoise blue egg that his devoted mother has warmed into life, he usually finds three or four baby brothers and sisters huddled within the grassy cradle. In April, both parents worked hard to prepare this home for them. Having brought coarse grasses, roots, and a few leaves or weed stalks for the foundation, and pellets of mud in their bills for the inner walls (which they cleverly managed to smooth into a bowl shape without a mason's trowel), and fine grasses for the lining of the nest, they saddled it on to the limb of an old apple tree. Robins prefer low-branching orchard or shade trees near our homes to the tall, straight shafts of the forest. Some have the courage to build among the vines or under the shelter of our piazzas. I know a pair of robins that reared a brood in a little clipped bay tree in a tub next to a front door, where people passed in and out continually. Doubtless very many birds would be glad of the shelter of our comfortable homes for theirs if they could only trust us. Is it not a shame that they cannot? Robins, especially, need a roof over their heads. When they foolishly saddle their nest on to an exposed limb of a tree, the first heavy rain is likely to soften the mud walls, and wash apart the heavy, bulky structure, when "Down tumble babies and cradle and all." {7} It is wiser of them to fit the nest into the supporting crotch of a tree, as many do, and wisest to choose the top of a piazza pillar, where boys and girls and cats cannot climb to molest them, nor storms dissolve their mud-walled nursery. There are far too many tragedies of the nests after every heavy spring rain. Suppose your appetite were so large that you were compelled to eat more than your weight of food every day, and suppose you had three or four brothers and sisters, just your own size, and just as ravenously hungry. These are the conditions in every normal robin family, so you can easily imagine how hard the father and mother birds must work to keep their fledglings' crops filled. No wonder robins like to live near our homes where the enriched land contains many fat grubs, and the smooth lawns, that they run across so lightly, make hunting for earth worms comparatively easy. It is estimated that about fourteen feet of worms (if placed end to end) are drawn out of the ground daily by a pair of robins with a nestful of babies to feed. When one of the parents alights near its home, every child must have seen the little heads, with wide-stretched, yellow bills, pop up suddenly like Jacks-in-the-box. How rudely the greedy babies push and jostle one another to get the most dinner, and how noisily they clamour for it! Earth worms are the staff of {8} life to them just as bread is to children, but robins destroy vast quantities of other worms and insects more injurious to the farmers' crops, so that the strawberries and cherries they take in June should not be grudged them. A man of science, who devoted many hours of study to learn the great variety of sounds made by common barnyard chickens in expressing their entire range of feeling, from the egg shell to the axe, could entertain an audience delightfully for an evening by imitating them. Similar study applied to robins would reveal as surprisingly rich results, but probably less funny. No bird that we have has so varied a repertoire as Robin Goodfellow, and I do not believe that any boy or girl alive could recognise him by every one of his calls and songs. His softly warbled salute to the sunrise differs from his lovely even-song just as widely as the rapturous melody of his courting days differs from the more subdued, tranquil love song to his brooding mate. Indignation, suspicion, fright, interrogation, peace of mind, hate, caution to take flight—these and a host of other thoughts, are expressed through his flexible voice. "It is only when he is a baby that you could guess our robin is really a thrush." Young bluebirds taking their first walk. {9} Toward the end of June, you may see robins flying in flocks after sun-down. Old males and young birds of the first brood scatter themselves over the country by day to pick up the best living they can, but at night they collect in large numbers at some favourite roosting place. Oftentimes the weary mother birds are now raising second broods. We like to believe that the fathers return from the roosts at sun-up to help supply those insatiable babies with worms throughout the long day. After family cares are over for the year, robins moult, and then they hide, mope, and keep silent for awhile. But in September, in a suit of new feathers, they are feeling vigorous and cheerful again; and, gathering in friendly flocks, they roam about the woodland borders to feed on the dogwood, choke cherries, juniper berries, and other small fruits. You see they change their diet with the season. By dropping the undigested berry seeds far and wide, they plant great numbers of trees and shrubs as they travel. Birds help to make the earth beautiful. With them every day is Arbour Day. It is a very dreary time when the last robin leaves us, and an exceptionally cold winter when a few stragglers from the south-bound flocks do not remain in some sheltered, sunny, woodland hollow. THE BLUEBIRD Is there any sign of spring quite so welcome as the glint of the first bluebird unless it is his {10} softly whistled song? Before the farmer begins to plough the wet earth, often while the snow is still on the ground, this hardy little minstrel is making himself very much at home in our orchards and gardens while waiting for a mate to arrive from the South. Now is the time to have ready on top of the grape arbour, or under the eaves of the barn, or nailed up in the apple tree, or set up on poles, the little one-roomed houses that bluebirds are only too happy to occupy. More enjoyable neighbours it would be hard to find. Sparrows will fight for the boxes, it is true, but if there are plenty to let, and the sparrows are persistently driven off, the bluebirds, which are a little larger though far less bold, quickly take possession. Birds that come earliest in the season and feed on insects, before they have time to multiply, are of far greater value in the field, orchard, and garden than birds that delay their return until warm weather has brought forth countless swarms of insects far beyond the control of either bird or man. Many birds would be of even greater service than they are if they received just a little encouragement to make their homes nearer ours. They could save many more millions of dollars' worth of crops for the farmers than they do if they were properly protected while rearing their ever-hungry families. As two or even three broods {11} of bluebirds may be raised in a box each spring, and as insects are their most approved baby food, you see how much it is to our interest to set up nurseries for them near our homes. But when people are not thoughtful enough to provide them before the first of March, the bluebirds hunt for a cavity in a fence rail, or a hole in some old tree, preferably in the orchard, shortly after their arrival, and proceed to line it with grass. From three to six pale blue eggs are laid. At first the babies are blind, helpless, and almost naked. Then they grow a suit of dark feathers with speckled, thrush-like vests similar to their cousin's, the baby robin's; and it is not until they are able to fly that the lovely deep blue shade gradually appears on their grayish upper parts. Then their throat, breast, and sides turn rusty red. While creatures are helpless, a prey for any enemy to pounce upon, Nature does not dress them conspicuously, you may be sure. Adult birds, that are able to look out for themselves, may be very gaily dressed, but their children must wear sombre clothes until they grow strong and wise. Young bluebirds are far less wild and noisy than robins, but their very sharp little claws discourage handling. These pointed hooks on the ends of their toes help them to climb out of the tree hollow, that is their natural home, into the big world that their presence makes so cheerful. {12} As you might expect of creatures so heavenly in colour, the disposition of bluebirds is particularly angelic. Gentleness and amiability are expressed in their soft, musical voice. Tru-al-ly, tru-al-ly, they sweetly assert when we can scarcely believe that spring is here; and tur-wee, tur-wee they softly call in autumn when they go roaming through the country side in flocks of azure, or whirl through Southern woods to feed on the waxy berries of the mistletoe. THE WOOD THRUSH Called also: Song Thrush; Wood Robin; Bell Bird Much more shy and reserved than the social, democratic robin is his cousin the wood thrush, whom, perhaps, you more frequently hear than see. Not that he is a recluse, like the hermit thrush, who hides his nest and lifts up his heavenly voice in deep, cool, forest solitudes; nor is he even so shy as Wilson's thrush, who prefers to live in low, wet, densely overgrown Northern woods. The wood thrush, as his name implies, certainly likes the woodland, but very often he chooses to stay close to our country and suburban homes or within city parks with a more than half-hearted determination to be friendly. BABY WOOD THRUSHES Notice the family resemblance between them and the baby robins and bluebirds. A wood thrush startled by the click of the camera. {13} He is about two inches shorter than the robin. Above, his feathers are a rich cinnamon brown, brightest on his head and shoulders and shading into olive brown on his tail. His white throat and breast and sides are heavily marked with heart-shaped marks of very dark brown. He has a white eye ring. "Here am I" come his three clear, bell-like notes of self-introduction. The quality of his music is delicious, rich, penetrative, pure and vibrating like notes struck upon a harp. If you don't already know this most neighbourly of the thrushes—as he is also the largest and brightest and most heavily spotted of them all—you will presently become acquainted with one of the finest songsters in America. Wait until evening when he sings at his best. Nolee-a-e-o-lee-nolee-aeolee-lee! peals his song from the trees. Love alone inspires his finest strains; but even in July, when bird music is quite inferior to that of May and June, he is still in good voice. A song so exquisite proves that the thrush comes near to being a bird angel, very high in the scale of development, and far, far beyond such low creatures as ducks and chickens. Pit-pit-pit you may hear sharply, excitedly jerked out of some bird's throat, and you wonder if a note so disagreeable can really come from the wonderful songster on the branch above your head. By sharply striking two small stones {14} together you can closely imitate this alarm call. Whom can he be scolding so severely? It is yourself, of course, for without knowing it you have come nearer to his low nest in the beech tree than he thinks quite safe. While sitting, the mother bird is, however, quite tame. A photographer I know placed his camera within four feet of a nest, changed the plates, and clicked the shutter three times for as many pictures without disturbing the gentle sitter who merely winked her eye at each chick. Wood thrushes seem to delight in weaving bits of paper or rags into their deep cradles which otherwise resemble the robins.' A nest in the shrubbery near a bird-lover's home in New Jersey had many bits of newspaper attached to its outer walls, but the most conspicuous strip in front advertised in large letters "A House to be Let or Sold." The original builders happily took the next lease, and another lot of nervous, fidgety baby tenants came out of four light greenish-blue eggs; but, as usual, they moved away to the woods, after ten days, to join the choir invisible. WILSON'S THRUSH The veery, as the Wilson's thrush is called in New England, is far more common there than {15} the wood thrush, whose range is more southerly. During its spring and fall migrations only is it at all common about the elms and maples that men have planted. Take a good look at its tawny coat and lightly spotted cream buff breast before it goes away to hide. Like Kipling's "cat that walked by himself," the veery prefers the "wild, wet woods," and there its ringing, weird, whistling monotone, that is so melodious without being a melody, seems to come from you can't guess where. The singer keeps hidden in the dense, dark undergrowth. It is as if two voices, an alto and a soprano, were singing at the same time: Whee-you, whee-you:—the familiar notes might come from a scythe being sharpened on a whetstone, were the sound less musical than it is. The bird is too wise to sing very near its well-hidden nest, which is placed either directly on the damp ground or not far above it, and usually near water. Throughout its life the veery seems to show a distrust of us that, try as we may, few have ever overcome. If you have thought that the thrush-like, cinnamon brown, speckle-breasted bird, with a long twitching tail like a catbird's, and a song as fine as a catbird's best, would be mentioned among the robin's relations, you must guess again, for he is the brown thrasher, not a thrush at all. You will find him in the Group of Lively Singers. {16} {17} CHAPTER II SOME NEIGHBOURLY ACROBATS Chickadee Tufted Titmouse White-breasted Nuthatch Red-breasted Nuthatch Ruby-crowned Kinglet Golden-crowned Kinglet {18} {19} THE CHICKADEE Called also: Black-capped Titmouse Bitterly cold and dreary though the day may be, that "little scrap of valour," the chickadee, keeps his spirits high until ours cannot but be cheered by the oft-repeated, clear, tinkling silvery notes that spell his name. Chicka-dee-dee: chicka-dee-dee: he introduces himself. How easy it would be for every child to know the birds if all would but sing out their names so clearly! Oh, don't you wish they would? "Piped a tiny voice near by Gay and polite—a cheerful cry— Chick-chickadeedee! Saucy note Out of sound heart and merry throat. As if it said, 'Good day, good Sir! Fine afternoon, old passenger! Happy to meet you in these places Where January brings few faces.'" No bird, except the wren, is more cheerful than the chickadee, and his cheerfulness, fortunately, is just as "catching" as measels. None will respond more promptly to your whistle in imitation of his three very high, clear call notes, and come nearer and nearer to make quite sure you {20} are only a harmless mimic. He is very inquisitive. Although not a bird may be in sight when you first whistle his call, nine chances out of ten there will be a faint echo from some far distant throat before very long; and by repeating the notes at short intervals you will have, probably, not one but several echoes from as many different chickadees whose curiosity to see you soon gets the better of their appetites and brings them flying, by easy stages, to the tree above your head. Where there is one chickadee there are apt to be more in the neighbourhood; for these sociable, active, cheerful little black-capped fellows in gray like to hunt for their living in loose scattered flocks throughout the fall and winter. When they come near enough, notice the pale rusty wash on the sides of their under parts which are more truly dirty white than gray. Chickadees are wonderfully tame: except the chipping sparrow, perhaps the tamest birds that we have. Patient people, who know how to whistle up these friendly sprites, can sometimes draw them close enough to touch, and an elect few, who have the special gift of winning a wild bird's confidence, can induce the chickadee to alight upon their hands. Blessed with a thick coat of fat under his soft, fluffy gray feathers, a hardy constitution and a sunny disposition, what terrors has the winter for him? When the thermometer goes down, {21} his spirits seem to go up the higher. Dangling like a circus acrobat on the cone of some tall pine tree; standing on an outstretched twig, then turning over and hanging with his black-capped head downward from the high trapeze; carefully inspecting the rough bark on the twigs for a fat grub or a nest of insect eggs, he is constantly hunting for food and singing grace between bites. His day, day, day, sung softly over and over again, seems to be his equivalent for "Give us this day our daily bread." How delightfully he and his busy friends, who are always within call, punctuate the snow-muffled, mid-winter silence with their ringing calls of good cheer! The orchards where chickadees, titmice, nuthatches, and kinglets have dined all winter, will contain few worm-eaten apples next season. Here is a puzzle for your arithmetic class: If one chickadee eats four hundred and forty-four eggs of the apple tree moth on Monday, three hundred and thirty-three eggs of the canker worm on Tuesday, and seven hundred and seventy-seven miscellaneous grubs, larvae, and insect eggs on Wednesday and Thursday, how long will it take a flock of twenty-two chickadees to rid an orchard of every-unspeakable pest? One very wise and thrifty fruit grower I know attracts to his trees all the winter birds from far and near, by keeping on several shelves nailed up in his orchard, {22} bits of suet, cheap raisins, raw peanuts chopped fine, cracked hickory nuts and rinds of pork. The free lunch counters are freely patronised. There is scarcely an hour in the day, no matter how cold, when some hungry feathered neighbour may not be seen helping himself to the heating, fattening food he needs to keep his blood warm. At the approach of warm weather, chickadees retreat from public gaze to become temporary recluses in damp, deep woods or woodland swamps where insects are most plentiful. For a few months they give up their friendly flocking ways and live in pairs. Long journeys they do not undertake from the North when it is time to nest; but Southern birds move northward in the spring. Happily the chickadee may find a woodpecker's vacant hole in some hollow tree; worse luck if a new excavation must be made in a decayed birch—the favourite nursery. Wool from the sheep pasture, felt from fern fronds, bits of bark, moss, hair, and the fur of "little beasts of field and wood"—anything soft that may be picked up goes to line the hollow cradle in the tree-trunk. How the crowded chickadee babies must swelter in their bed of fur and feathers tucked inside a close, stuffy hole! Is it not strange that such hardy parents should coddle their children so? The chickadee at her front door. Young nuthatches learning their first lesson in balancing on a horizontal bar. {23} TUFTED TITMOUSE Called also: Peto Bird; Crested Tomtit; Crested Titmouse Don't expect to meet the tufted titmouse if you live very far north of Washington. He is common only in the South and West. This pert and lively cousin of the lovable little chickadee is not quite so friendly and far more noisy. Peto-peto-peto comes his loud, clear whistle from the woods and clearings where he and his large family are roving restlessly about all through the autumn and winter. A famous musician became insane because he heard one note ringing constantly in his overwrought brain. If you ever hear a troupe of titmice whistling Peto over and over again for hours at a time, you will pity poor Schumann and fear a similar fate for the birds. But they seem to delight in the two tiresome notes, uttered sometimes in one key, sometimes in another. Another call—day-day-day—reminds you of the chickadee's, only the tufted titmouse's voice is louder and a little hoarse, as it well might be from such constant use. Few birds that we see about our homes wear a top knot on their heads. The big cardinal has a handsome red one, the larger blue jay's is bluish gray, the cedar waxwing's is a Quaker {24} drab; but the little titmouse, who is the size of an English sparrow, may be named at once by the gray pointed crest that makes him look so pert and jaunty. When he hangs head downward from the trapeze on the oak tree, this little gray acrobat's peaked cap seems to be falling off; whereas the black skull cap on the smaller chickadee fits close to his head no matter how much he turns over the bar and dangles. Neither one of these cousins is a carpenter like the woodpecker. The titmouse has a short, stout bill without a chisel on it, which is why it cannot chip out a hole for a nest in a tree trunk or old stump unless the wood is much decayed. You see why these birds are so pleased to find a deserted woodpecker's hole. Not alone are they saved the trouble of making one, but a deep tunnel in a tree-trunk means security for their babies against hawks, crows, jays, and other foes, as well as against wind and rain. When you find a flock of either chickadees or titmice, you may be sure it is made up chiefly, if not entirely, of the birds of one or two broods of the same parents. Their families are usually large and the members devoted to one another. Titmice nest in April so that you cannot tell the brothers and sisters from the father and mother when the troupe of acrobats leave the woods in {25} early autumn and whistle lustily about your home. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH Called also: Tree Mouse; Devil Downhead. When it comes to acrobatic performances in the trees, neither the chickadee nor the titmouse can rival their relatives, the little bluish gray nuthatches. Indeed, any circus might be glad to secure their expert services. Hanging fearlessly from the topmost branches of the tallest pine, running along the under side of horizontal limbs as comfortably as along the top of them, or descending the trunk head foremost, these wonderful little gymnasts keep their nerves as cool as the thermometer in January. From the way they travel over any part of the tree they wish, from top and tip to the bottom of it, no wonder they are sometimes called Tree Mice. Only the fly that walks across the ceiling, however, can compete with them in clinging to the under side of boughs. Why don't they fall off? If you ever have a chance, examine their claws. These, you will see, are very much curved and have sharp little hooks that catch in any crack or rough place in the bark and easily support the bird's weight. As a general rule the chickadee keeps to the {26} end of the twigs and the smaller branches; the tufted titmouse rids the larger boughs of insects, eggs, and worms hidden in the scaly bark; but the nuthatches can climb to more inaccessible places. With the help of the hooks on their toes it does not matter to them whether they run upward, downward, or sidewise; and they can stretch their bodies away from their feet at some very queer angles. Their long bills penetrate into deep holes in the thick bark of the tree trunks and older limbs and bring forth from their hiding places insects that would escape almost every other bird except the brown creeper and the woodpecker. Of course, when you see any feathered acrobat performing in the trees, you know he is working hard to pick up a dinner, not exercising merely for fun. The most familiar nuthatch, in the eastern United States, is the one with the white breast; but in the Northern States and Canada there is another common winter neighbour, a smaller compactly feathered, bluish gray gymnast with a pale rusty breast, a conspicuous black line running apparently through his eye from the base of his bill to the nape of his neck, and heavy white eyebrows. This is the hardy little red-breasted nuthatch. His voice is pitched rather high and his drawling notes seem to come from a lazy bird instead of one of the most vigorous and spry little creatures in the wood. The {27} nasal ank-ank of his white-breasted cousin is uttered, too, without expression, as if the bird were compelled to make a sound once in a while against his will. Both of these cousins have similar habits. Both are a trifle smaller than the English sparrow. In summer they merely hide away in the woods to nest, for they are not migrants. It is only when nesting duties are over in the autumn that they become neighbourly. Who gave them their queer name? A hatchet would be a rather clumsy tool for us to use in opening a nut, but these birds have a convenient, ever- ready one in their long, stout, sharply pointed bills with which they hack apart the small thin-shelled nuts like beech nuts and hazel nuts, chinquapins and chestnuts, kernels of corn and sunflower seeds. These they wedge into cracks in the bark just big enough to hold them. During the summer and early autumn when insects are plentiful, the nuthatches eat little else; and then they thriftily store away the other items on their bill of fare, squirrel fashion, so that when frost kills the insects, they may vary their diet of insect eggs and grubs with nuts and the larger grain. Flying to the spot where a nut has been securely wedged, perhaps weeks before, the bird scores and hacks and pecks it open with his sharp little hatchet, whose hard blows may be heard far away. {28} Although this tool is a great help to the nuthatches in making their nests, they appear to be quite as ready to accept a deserted woodpecker's hole as the chickadee with a smaller bill. A natural cavity will answer, or, if they must, they will make one in some forest tree. The red-breasted nuthatches have a curious habit of smearing the entrance to the hole with fir-balsam or pitch. Why do you suppose they do it? Perhaps they think this will discourage egg suckers, like snakes, mice, or squirrels; but, in effect, the sticky gum often pulls the feathers from their own breasts as they go in and out attending to the wants of their family. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET Count that a red-letter day on your calendar when first you see either this tiny, dainty sprite, or his next of kin, the golden-crowned kinglet, fluttering, twinkling about the evergreens. In republican America we don't often have the chance to meet two crowned heads. Energetic as wrens, restless as warblers, and as perpetually looking for insect food, the kinglets flit with a sudden, jerking motion from twig to twig among the trees and bushes, now on the lawn, now in the orchard and presently in the hedgerow down the lane. They have a pretty {29} trick of lifting and flitting their wings every little while. The bluebird and pine grosbeak have it too, but their much larger, trembling wings seem far less nervous. Happily the kinglets are not at all shy; no bird is that is hatched out so far north that it never sees a human being until it travels southward to spend the winter. Alas! It is the birds that know us too well that are often the most afraid. When the leaves are turning crimson and russet and gold in the autumn, keep a sharp look out for the plump little grayish, olive green birds that are even smaller than wrens, and not very much larger than hummingbirds. Although members of quite a different family—the kinglets are exclusive—they condescend to join the nuthatches and chickadees in the orchard to help clean the farmer's fruit trees or pick up a morsel at the free lunch counter in zero weather. Love or war is necessary to make the king show us his crown. But vanity or anger is sufficient excuse for lifting the dark feathers that nearly conceal the beauty spot on the top of his head when the midget's mind is at ease. If you approach very near—and he will allow you to almost touch him—you may see the little patch of brilliant red feathers, it is true, but you will probably get an unexpected, chattering scolding from the little king as he flies away. {30} In the spring his love song is as surprisingly strong in proportion to his size as the wren's. It seems impossible for such a volume of mellow flute-like melody to pour from a throat so tiny. Before we have a chance to hear it again the singer is off with his tiny queen to nest in some spruce tree beyond the Canadian border. The noisy contents of a soap box: a family of house wrens. The marsh wren's round cradle swung among the rushes. {31} CHAPTER III A GROUP OF LIVELY SINGERS House Wren Carolina Wren Marsh Wren Brown Thrasher Catbird Mockingbird {32} {33} THE HOUSE WREN If you want some jolly little neighbours for the summer, invite the wrens to live near you year after year by putting up small, one-family box-houses under the eaves of the barn, the cow-shed, or the chicken-house, on the grape arbour or in the orchard. Beware of a pair of nesting wrens in a box nailed against a piazza post: they beat any alarm clock for arousing the family at sunrise. Save the starch boxes, cover them with strips of bark, or give them two coats of paint to match the building they are to be nailed on. Cut a hole that you have marked on one end of each box by drawing a lead pencil around a silver quarter of a dollar. A larger hole would mean that English sparrows, who push themselves everywhere where not invited, would probably take possession of each house as fast as you nailed it up. Of course the little one-roomed cottages should have a number of small holes bored on the sides near the top to give the wrens plenty of fresh air. Have the boxes in place not later than the first of April—then watch. Would it not be a pity for any would-be tenants to pass by your home because they could {34} not find a house to let? Wrens really prefer boxes to the holes in stumps and trees they used to occupy before there were any white people with thoughtful children on this continent. But the little tots have been known to build in tin cans, coat pockets, old shoes, mittens, hats, glass jars, and even inside a human skull that a medical student hung out in the sun to bleach! When you are sound asleep some April morning, a tiny brown bird, just returned from a long visit south of the Carolinas, will probably alight on the perch in front of one of your boxes, peep in the doorhole, enter—although his pert little cocked-up-tail has to be lowered to let him through—look about with approval, go out, spring to the roof and pour out of his wee throat a gushing torrent of music. The song seems to bubble up faster than he can sing. "Foive notes to wanst" was an Irishman's description of it. After the wren's happy discovery of a place to live, his song will go off in a series of musical explosions all day long, now from the roof, now from the clothesposts, the fence, the barn, or the wood-pile. There never was a more tireless, spirited, brilliant singer. From the intensity of his feelings, he sometimes droops that expressive little tail of his, which is usually so erect and saucy. Like "Brer Rabbit" the catbird is usually "bred and bawn in a brier patch." Another tragedy of the nests: what villain ate the catbird's eggs? {35} With characteristic energy, he frequently begins to carry twigs into the house before he finds a mate. The day little Jenny Wren appears on the scene, how he does sing! Dashing off for more twigs, but stopping to sing to her every other minute, he helps furnish the cottage quickly, but, of course, he overdoes—he carries in more twigs and hay and feathers than the little house can hold, then pulls half of them out again. Jenny gathers too, for she is a bustling housewife and arranges matters with neatness and despatch. Neither vermin nor dirt will she tolerate within her well-kept home. Everything she does to suit herself pleases her ardent little lover. He applauds her with song; he flies about after her with a nervous desire to protect; he seems beside himself with happiness. Let any one pass too near his best beloved, and he begins to chatter excitedly: "Chit-chit-chit- chit" as much as to say, "Oh, do go away; go quickly! Can't you see how nervous and fidgety you make me?" If you fancy that Jenny Wren, who is patiently sitting on the little pinkish chocolate spotted eggs in the centre of her feather bed, is a demure, angelic creature, you have never seen her attack the sparrow, nearly twice her size, that dares put his impudent head inside her door. Oh, how she flies at him! How she chatters and scolds! What a plucky little shrew she is, after all! Her piercing, chattering, {36} scolding notes are fairly hissed into his ears until he is thankful enough to escape. THE LITTLE BROWN WREN From "Boy's Book of Rhyme," by Clinton Scollard There's a little brown wren that has built in our tree, And she's scarcely as big as a big bumble-bee; She has hollowed a house in the heart of a limb, And made the walls tidy and made the floors trim With the down of the crow's foot, with tow, and with straw The cosiest dwelling that ever you saw. This little brown wren has the brightest of eyes And a foot of a very diminutive size. Her tail is as trig as the sail of a ship. She's demure, though she walks with a hop and a skip; And her voice—but a flute were more fit than a pen To tell of the voice of the little brown wren. One morning Sir Sparrow came sauntering by And cast on the wren's house an envious eye; With a strut of bravado and toss of his head, "I'll put in my claim here," the bold fellow said; So straightway he mounted on impudent wing, And entered the door without pausing to ring. An instant—and swiftly that feathery knight All towsled and tumbled, in terror took flight, While there by the door on her favourite perch, As neat as a lady just starting for church. With this song on her lips, "He will not call again Unless he is asked," sat the little brown wren. If the bluebirds had her courage and hot, quick temper, they would never let the sparrows drive them away from their boxes. Unfortunately a hole large enough to admit a {37} bluebird will easily admit those grasping monopolists; but Jenny Wren is safe, if she did but know it, in her house with its tiny front door. It is amusing to see a sparrow try to work his shoulders through the small hole of an empty wren house, pushing and kicking madly, but all in vain. What rent do the wrens pay for their little houses? No man is clever enough to estimate the vast numbers of insects on your place that they destroy. They eat nothing else, which is the chief reason why they are so lively and excitable. Unable to soar after flying insects because of their short, round wings, they keep, as a rule, rather close to the ground which their finely barred brown feathers so closely match. Whether hunting for grubs in the wood-pile, scrambling over the brush heap after spiders, searching among the trees to provide a dinner for their large families, or creeping, like little feathered mice, in queer nooks and crannies among the outbuildings on the farm, they are always busy in your interest which is also theirs. It certainly pays, in every sense, to encourage wrens. THE CAROLINA WREN The house wrens have a tiny cousin, a mite of a bird, called the winter wren, that is so shy {38} and retiring you will probably never become well acquainted with it. It delights in mossy, rocky woods near running water. But a larger chestnut brown cousin, the Carolina wren, with a prominent white eyebrow, a bird which is quite common in the Middle and Southern States, sometimes nests in outbuildings and in all sorts of places about the farm. However, he too really prefers the forest undergrowths near water, fallen logs, half decayed...