Bird diversity of Upper Mustang, Nepal By: Raju Acharya (Sharma) B.Sc. Student, schEMS, Nepal rajuhugu_ [email protected] Summary: h Total 96 species have been recorded from the 14th August to i September 2002. The annotated checklist suggests the occurrence of 533 species in the ACAP (Suwal, 2000) and 211 species within the upper mustang jurisdiction (Suwal, 2002). Total duration of the field was 24 days. In an average 22.9 bird species were observed in a day. There were only four species observed as passage migrants and two vagrant species. The vagrant species found in Upper Mustang were Scaly Breasted Munia at Samjung (3978m.) and house crow at Chuksang (2961m.). And the vagrant species seen in last year was Brahminy Myna (Shah, 2001) at Lomanthang (3840m.). The most common species found in Upper Mustang is the big soaring bird the Himalayan Griffon. The highest number seen in 11 0 in carcass near the Chungjung village. There are 13 CITES listed species occurring in Upper Mustang, four species in Appendix 1, five in Appendix 11, four in Appendix 111 (Chapagai and Dhakal, 2002). Objectives: Bird study was the part of overall Bio-diversity survey: This survey was the part of the program under the Upper Mustang Biodiversity conservation Project (UMBCP) (Nep/99/G, GEF, Nep/99/021 TracklUNDP) executed by King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation / Annapurna Conservation Area Project. The objectives of Bird study in Upper Mustang, To study bird species richness of Upper Mustang during summer season. To determine the bird species that could be used as a key stone species to monitor the environment of Upper Mustang. To identify the threatened bird communities residing in Upper Mustang. To fmd out the hot spots for bird conservation in Upper Mustang. To know the bird conservation issues in Upper Mustang. To promote bird watching tourism in Upper Mustang. Description of the area: Upper Mustang with an area of 2667 Sq.km. covers the northern half of mustang district (Ale.eds.2002). Annapurna conservation Area (ACA) was gazetted in B.S.2049 and covered 56 Village Development Committee (VDC) from 5 district. Upper Mustang is the destination where control tourism has been introducing due to its unique character. Upper Mustang is the nOlihern pali of Mustang district extended up to the Tibet autonomous region of China and ultimately up to the Europe. It consists of 7 VDC containing 33 Buddhist settlements with 5694 populations. On the basis of topographical features, bioclimatic condition & floristic composition, the ACA has been divided into 7 Phyto-geographical region (KMTNC IBCDP, 1994). The Upper Mustang Area (i.e. Upper Kaligandaki valley) belongs to the arid, trans-Himalayan zone. The area is known as extremely rich in flora and fauna due to steppe habitat. Trans-Himalayan zone receives an average rainfall of 132m.m. per annum (average of 1988-1992 in Jomsom). This area is drainage by Kaligandaki River containing numerous tributaries. The people of Upper Mustang practice a combination of livestock farming, agriculture and winter trade. This unique marginal land lies between the east and west Himalayan; Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan range. Significant habitat of the area: Area is least study area in terms of ornithology. Each study is adding a new species for Mustang, ACAP as well as for the Nepal. Bird diversity & population is governed by availability of food, cover, habitat condition, & local tradition. Habitat condition also indicates the health-ness of an ecosystem. Habitat characteristics of the area provided by the KMTNC/ BCDP (1994) and fInding of present survey; the available habitat of the area are as follows. Betula utilis forest habitat, Populus ciliata strands habitat, Dry alpine shrublhush habitat, Alpine meadow and other (Agriculture land, Human settlement, aquatic bodies (river & ponds), cliff & cave etc.) are the exiting habitat in the area. Survey covered the 2800 to 5500 meter elevation in different parts. Management constraints: Large wooden pillars of Monastery built in Lomanthang & surrounding area suggest the existing of the small patches of Coniferous forest in Upper Mustang. The loss of forest cover in the region began from 1959 when Tibetan Khamba based their resistance movement in this region. In the absence of alternative fuel wood local inhabitants also accelerate the rate of destruction of forest. Huge amount of livestock leads to overgrazing of high mountain pasture around village. Traditional hunting system (on game bird like Chhukar partridge and other like Snow Pigeon in . the winter season), lower awareness level, tourism incensement, glacier outlet burst (GOLF) in 1940s are some factor playing the destruction for habitat of the birds. Loss of vegetation cover, poaching of birds through non-native schoolteachers, unsustainable livestock husbandry, threats of transfer & poisoning, climatic factor are the major management constraints for the bird conservation. Annapuna Conservation Area Project, Upper Mustang Conservation & Development Project of King Mahendra Trust For Nature Conservation in actively working with local inhabitants for the betterment of overall ecosystem of Upper Mustang. Methodology: • Local trails were followed for signifIcant bird habitat and existing literature referred for species occurrence information; Site was visited on foot. IdentifIcation of Birds was made possible with the help of Nikon Binocular 8*40 & Bushnell Telescope 22*W.A. mm zoom. Bird observation route were planned according to trail, elevation, catchments, vegetation type; they were Kagbeni to Sammer-Ghemi-Tsrang-Lomanthang-Chosyar and Panga Lomanthang- Chojung and back. A book on the birds of the Indian Sub-Continent (Grimmet et al) and Birds of Nepal (Flemming, L and R). These transect route is drawn with the help of GPS. These transect if followed in the same time of the year could make a base for monitoring the key stone bird communities. • Nesting location of birds of prey is confirmed by GPS. The nesting status will be a key feature for monitoring the birds in the future. • Nikon 10x40 Binoculars and a 15x 20 Bushnell telescope were used to identify the birds. • Bird identifIcation reference is made with the help of Grimmett et. aI., 2000. Birds of Nepal, Helm Field Guides Ethno ornithological prospects: People still believe and widely practiced a dead Lammergeier corpse an intestine are used as an effective medicine for diarrhea treatment. After hanging the head of Golden eagles on the main door it is believed that evil is unable to rich inside the home. Feather of Black Kite and Owl is used in special ceremony of praying with god before people moves towards the winter trade. There is a significant relationship between the social culture and vulture in Upper Mustang. Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis), Erasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) took part in such ritual performance. When a local person die, The Lama, who is the only the special cultural leader and the respected person of the area decides how to carry out funerals- rites. A few specific caste like Bista usually bum the dead body but the major cast of the area that is Mustangi Gurung which constituents more than 90% population chop down the dead body in many piece and offered to vulture. Lama calls the vulture by praying and blowing his trumpet. If vultures do not visit the corpse it is believed that the person had committed some sorts of sin during his lifetime. When the vulture finished entire corpse by eating them it is said that they take bath in river before flyaway. Same tradition can also be seen in the working caste like Biswokarma. Such tradition funeral-rites are prohibited in agricultural harvesting season but the body is cut into many pieces and thrown into a river. Thus instead of birds of prey the dead body is offered to aquatic life like fishes and insects. There for vulture keep the local environment neat and clean. It is also believed that vulture also take the soul of that person in the heaven. This ritual has been practiced here since time immemorial. The vulture still remains a little studied bird throughout its distribution range in Nepal. Questions like the number of vulture taking part in such rituals, same or different number of vulture feeding on corpse of male and female, their species diversity, effect on local culture due to their decrease population, the future scenario if the birds are totally exterminated from the area etc to be answered by doing the detail study of the species in the area. Result: The annotated checklist suggest the 211 bird species in the area which is based on the Survey done by Hari Sharan Nepali (1977,1978), Karan Bahadur Shah (2001), Rajendra Suwal (2002) and literature (Inskipp, 1999) in different time period. Total 96 species were observed during the field survey. Black Breasted Munia and House Crow was first recorded in such kind of Altitude.Mojority of bird observed during the survey period were breeding resident 61.5% followed by summer visitor 32.4 % for breeding. There were only 4 species observed as passage migrants. Hot spot for birding in the area are Samar-Syangboche (3800m. -4000m.), Chungsi (3300m. -4000m.), Ghemi-Panga (4500m. -5000m.), Ithiphule -Chojung, (4300m. -5000m.). Nesting site of Griffon were identify except the Surkhang Village Development Committee and Damodar Kunda area. The annotated bird checklist suggests that nearly 48% of the birds of upper Mustang are breeding resident followed by summer visitor (close to 38%) for breeding. Upper Mustang is an important place for nesting activity for the summer visitor (Suwal, 2002). Peoples are closely associated with birds in terms of their culhlre. Uppier Mustang Bir,d Survey Route 2002 Autonomous. of Tibet/China R~gi():fi Scale Appendix Detail of the Bird nest sighting th S Name of Birds 18 May- 14th Aug.- Nesting site Locality Altitude Egg/ N 8th June, 7th Sep. (m) Nestling 2001 2002 .., 1 Rufous Turtle Salix tree Tsarang 3435 2 eggs Dove .., .., 2 Hoopoe Hole in Gonpa Tsarang 3500 Unknown 3 Black Redstar 1/ Large boulder Tsarang 3450 Unknown .., 4 Desert Wheatear Mud hole Tsarang 3600 2 nestling .., 5 Grey Back Salix tree Namasung 3740 2 nestling Shrike .., 6 Ruddy Shelduck Pond edge Dhuk 2780 2 Chicken(5 -10 days) .., 7 Lammergeier Cliff edge Chhojung 4750 1 egg, 1 nestling .., .., 8 Himalayan Cave Ghemi 3500 Unknown Griffon .., 9 Black Kite .., (8 site) Populus tree Tsarang, 3435 Unknown around village .., 10 Plain Martin Cliff Tsaile 2900 Unknown .., 11 Homed Lark Plain ground Chhojung 4750 - .., 12 Robin Accentor Caragana bush Chhojung 5000 3 egg .., 13 Humes Ground - Mud tanel Ithiphule 4500 One adult Peker .., 14 Hill Pigeon - Rock, cave Chosyar, 3500 comfort valley .., 15 Rockpgeion Rock, cave Ithiphule 4300 Colony .., 16 Eurasion Crag - cave Ghemi 3700 Martin .., 17 Little owlet - Dhiplung Chojung 5000 One adult .., 18 Russet sparrow - Old palace Lomanthang, 3840,3900 Thingar .., .., 19 Eurasion Tree Each Each village - - sparrow settlement .., 20 Golden eagle Ghiling Near village 3650 Tobe confIrmed CITES listed bird species found in Upper Mustang Common name Scientific name Status CITES TIBETAN SNOWCOCK Tetraogallus tibetanus BR(Breeding resident I HIMALAYANMONAL Lophophorus impejanus BR I CHEER PHEASANT Catreus wallichii BR I BLACK-NECKED CRANE Grus nigricollis WV(winter visitor) I Common name Scientific name Status CITES BLOOD PHEASANT Ithaginis cruentus BR Il DEMOISELLE CRANE Grus virgo PV(Passage migrants Il COMMON BUZZARD Buteo buteo SV(summer visitor) Il UPLAND BUZZARD Buteo hemilasius SV IT GOLDEN EAGLE Aquila chrysaetos BR Il NORTHERNSHOVELER Anas clypeata PV III NORTHERN PINTAIL Anas acuta PV ill GARGANEY Anas querquedula PV III ROCK PIGEON Columba livia BR ill Source: Chap again and Dhakal 2002 Appendix I Upper Mustang annotated bird checklist 2002 Kazi Kazi Inskipp' Shah Suwal Common name Scientific name Status BLI Cl 77 78 99 '01 '02 SNOW PARTRIDGE Lerwa lerwa 0 BR TIBETAN SNOWCOCK Tetraogallus tibetanus 0 0 0 0 0 BR I HndALAYANSNOWCOCK Tetraogallus himalayensis 0 BR CHUKAR Alectoris chukar 0 0 0 0 0 BR TIBETAN PARTRIDGE Perdix hodgsoniae 0 0 0 0 BR HILL PARTRIDGE Arborophila torqueola 0 BR BLOOD PHEASANT Ithaginis cruentus 0 BR 11 SATYR TRAGOPAN Tragopan satyra 0 BR HndALAY AN MONAL Lophophorus impejanus 0 BR I CHEER PHEASANT Catreus wallichii 0 BR GT I RUDDYSHELDUCK Tadorna ferruginea 0 0 0 SV GADWALL Anas strepera 0 0 PV BAIKALTEAL Anas formosa 0 IR MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos 0 PV NORTHERNSHOVELER Anas clypeata 0 PV III NORTHERN PINTAIL Anas acuta 0 PV III GARGANEY Anas querquedula 0 0 PV III CRIMSON-BREASTED Dendrocopos cathpharius 0 BR WOODPECKER DARJEELING Dendrocopos darjellensis 0 BR WOODPECKER SCALY-BELLIED Picus squamatus 0 0 BR WOODPECKER COMMON HOOPOE Upupa epops 0 0 0 SV COMMON KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis 0 IR WHITE-THROATED Halcyon smyrnensis 0 IR KINGFISHER EURASIAN CUCKOO Cuculus canorus 0 0 0 SV Kazi Kazi Inskipp' Shah Suwal Common name Scientific name Status BLI Cl 77 78 99 '01 '02 COMMON SWIFT Apusapus 0 0 0 0 SV FORK-TAILED SWIFT Apus pacificus 0 0 SV HOUSE SWIFT Apus affinis 0 0 SV TAWNY OWL Strix aluco 0 0 BR LITTLE OWL Athene noctua 0 0 BR ROCK PIGEON Columba livia 0 0 0 0 0 BR III HILL PIGEON Columba rupestris 0 0 0 0 D BR SNOW PIGEON Columba leuconota 0 D D 0 0 BR SPECKLED WOOD Columba hodgsonii 0 BR PIGEON ASHY WOOD PIGEON Columba pulchricollis D BR ORIENTAL TURTLEDOVE Streptopelia orientalis 0 0 0 0 D SV SPOTTED DOVE Streptopelia chinensis. D SV DEMOISELLE CRANE Grus virgo D PV IT COMMON CRANE Grus grus D PV BLACK- NECKED CRANE Grus nigricollis WV? GT I TIBETAN SAND GROUSE Syrrhaptes paradoxus 0 IR EURASIAN WOODCOCK Scolopax rusticola D SV PINTAIL SNIPE Gallinago stenura D SV GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 0 0 PV COMMON SANDPIPER Actitis hypoleucos D PV IBISBILL Ibidorhyncha struthersii D D SV BLACK KITE Milvus migrans 0 0 0 D 0 BR LAMMERGEIER Gypaetus barbatus 0 0 0 0 D BR WHITE-RUMPED Gyps bengalensis 0 IR GT VULTURE HlMALAY AN GRIFFON Gyps himalayensis 0 0 0 0 D BR EURASIAN GRIFFON Gypsfulvus 0 D BR HEN HARRIER Circus cyaneus D 0 PV NORTHERN GOSHAWK Accipiter gentilis D 0 BR EURASIAN SPARROW- Accipiter nisus D D BR HAWK COMMON BUZZARD Buteo buteo D D SV II UPLAND BUZZARD Buteo hemilasius 0 SV .I1 BLACK EAGLE Ictinaetus malayensis 0 BR GOLDEN EAGLE Aquila chrysaetos D D D 0 BR II BOOTED EAGLE Hieraaetus pennatus D BR COMMON KESTREL Falco tinnunculus 0 D D 0 0 BR AMURFALCON Falco amurensis 0 IR MERLIN Falco columbarius D IR? EURASIAN HOBBY Falco subbuteo 0 0 BR INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii D IR LONG-TAILED SHRIKE Lanius schach D SV Kazi Kazi Inskipp' Shah Suwal Common name Scientific name Status BLI Cl 77 78 99 '01 '02 GREY-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius tephronotus D D D D SV YELLOW-BILLED BLUE Urocissa flavirostris D D D BR MAGPIE HUME'S Pseudopodoces humilis D D D BR GROUND PECKER SPOTTED NUTCRACKER Nucifraga caryocatactes D BR RED-BILLED CHOUGH Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax D D D D D BR YELLOW-BILLED Pyrrhocorax graculus D D D D D BR CHOUGH HOUSE CROW Corvus splendens D BR LARGE-BILLED CROW Corvus macrorhynchos D D D D BR COMMON RAY EN Corvus corax D D D D D BR YELLOW-BELLIED Rhipidura hypoxantha D SV FANTAIL ASHYDRONGO Dicrurus leucophaeus D SV WHITE-THROATED Cinclus cinclus D D D D BR DIPPER BROWN DIPPER Cinclus pallasii D D BR BLUE ROCK THRUSH Monticola solitarius D D D D D SV BLUE WHISTLING Myophonus caeruleus D D D D D BR THRUSH PLAIN-BACKED THRUSH Zoothera mollissima D SV SCALY THRUSH Zoothera dauma D SV WHITE-COLLARED Turdus albocinctus D BR BLACKBIRD DARK-THROA TED Turdus ruficollis D SV THRUSH DUSKY THRUSH Turdus naumanni D IR MISTLE THRUSH Turdus viscivorus D SV DARK-SIDED Muscicapa sibirica D SV FLYCATCHER RUSTY-TAILED Muscicapa ruficauda D SV FLYCATCHER RUFOUS-GORGETED Ficedula strophiata D SV FLYCATCHER ULTRAMARINE Ficedula superci/iaris D SV FLYCATCHER SLATY-BLUE Ficedula tricolor D D SV FLYCATCHER VERDITER FLYCATCHER Eumyias thalassina D SV RUFOUS-BELLIED Niltava sundara D SV NILTAVA GREY-HEADED CANARY Culicicapa ceylonensis D SV FLYCATCHER Kazi Kazi Inskipp' Shah Suwal Common name Scientific name Status BLI Cl 77 78 99 '01 '02 WHITE-TAILED Luscinia pectoralis D D SV RUBYTHROAT INDIAN BLUE ROBIN Luscinia brunnea D SV ORANGE-FLANKED Tarsiger cyanurus D SV BUSH ROBIN GOLDEN BUSH ROBIN Tarsiger chrysaeus D SV RUFOUS-BACKED Phoenicurus erythronota D SV REDSTART BLUE-CAPPED Phoenicurus D D D SV REDSTART coeruleocephalus BLACK REDSTART Phoenicurus ochruros D D D D SV WHITE-THROA TED Phoenicurus schisticeps D D D D BR REDSTART WHITE-WINGED Phoenicurus erythrogaster D D D BR REDSTART BLUE-FRONTED Phoenicurus frontalis D D D D D SV REDSTART WHITE-CAPPED WATER Chaimarrornis D D D D D SV REDSTART leucocephalus PLUMBEOUS WATER Rhyacornis fuliginosus D D D D SV REDSTART WHITE-BELLIED Hodgsonius D D SV REDSTART phaenicuroides GRAND ALA Grandala coelicolor D D BR LITTLE FORKTAIL Enicurus scouleri D D BR SPOTTED FORKTAIL Enicurus maculatus D BR CO~ONSTONECHAT Saxicola torquata D D D D SV GREY BUSHCHAT Saxicola ferrea D SV DESERT WHEATEAR Oenanthe deserti D D D D SV ISABELLINE WHEAT EAR Oenanthe isabellina D D BR BRAHMINY STARLING Sturnus pagodarum D D IR WHITE-TAILED Sitta himalayensis D BR NUTHATCH WALLCREEPER Tichodroma muraria D D D D SV BROWN-THROATED Certhia discolor D BR TREE CREEPER WINTER WREN Troglodytes troglodytes D D D BR RUFOUS-NAPED TIT Parus rufonuchalis D BR RUFOUS-VENTED TIT Parus rubidiventris D D D BR SPOT-WINGED TIT Parus melanolophus BR COAL TIT Parus ater D D D D BR GREY -CRESTED TIT Parus dichrous D BR GREEN-BACKED TIT Parus monticolus D SV BLACK- THROATED TIT Aegithalos concinnus D BR Kazi Kazi Inskipp' Shah Suwal Common name Scientific name Status BLI Cl 77 78 99 '01 '02 RUFOUS-FRONTED TIT Aegithalas iauschistas D BR SAND MARTIN Riparia riparia D SV PLAIN MARTIN Riparia paludicala D D D D SV EURASIAN CRAG Hirunda rupestris D D D D D BR MARTIN BARN SWALLOW Hirunda rustica D D SV NORTHERN HOUSE Delichan urbica D D SV MARTIN ASIAN HOUSE MARTIN Delichan dasypus D D D BR NEPAL HOUSE MARTIN Delichan nipalensis D D D D BR GOLDCREST Regulus regulus D D BR STRIATED PRlNIA Prinia criniger D BR GREY- SIDED BUSH Cettia brunnifrans D D SV WARBLER WHITE-BROWED TIT Leptapaecile saphiae D D D D BR WARBLER TICKELL'S LEAF Phyllascapus affinis D D D D D SV WARBLER BUFF-BARRED WARBLER Phyllascapus pulcher D D D SV ASHY- THROA TED Phyllascapus maculipennis D SV WARBLER LEMON-RUMPED Phyllascapus chlaranatus D SV WARBLER HUME'S WARBLER Phyllascapus humei D SV YELLOW-BROWED Phyllascapus inarnatus D D IR WARBLER GREENISH WARBLER Phyllascapus trachilaides D D D D SV BLYTH'S LEAF Phyllascapus regula ides D SV WARBLER GOLDEN-SPECTACLED Seicercus burkii D SV WARBLER GREY-HOODED Seicercus xanthaschistas D SV WARBLER BLACK-FACED Abrascapus schisticeps D SV WARBLER WHITE-THROATED Garrulax albagularis D BR LAUGHINGTHRUSH STRIATED Garrulax striatus D BR LAUGHINGTHRUSH SPOTTED Garrulax acellatus D BR LAUGHINGTHRUSH VARIEGATED Garrulax variegatus D D D D BR LAUGHINGTHRUSH BLACK-FACED Garrulax affinis D BR