Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing Opportunities and Challenges Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing Opportunities and Challenges Edited by Parmjit S. Panesar Satwinder S. Marwaha Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130521 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8838-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com contents Preface.....................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments..................................................................................................ix Editors.......................................................................................................................xi Contributors..........................................................................................................xiii Part I Fundamental Concepts 1. Biotechnology and Its Role in Agriculture and Food Processing.........3 Parmjit S. Panesar and Satwinder S. Marwaha 2. Genomics in Agriculture and Food Processing......................................45 Peter C. McKeown, Channa Keshavaiah, Antoine Fort, Reetu Tuteja, Manash Chatterjee, Rajeev K. Varshney, and Charles Spillane Part II Biotechnology in Agriculture 3. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques in Crop Improvement......73 Dinesh K. Srivastava, Geetika Gambhir, and Poornima Sharma 4. Genetic Transformation and Crop Improvement.................................133 Kailash C. Bansal and Dipnarayan Saha 5. Production of Biofertilizers.......................................................................169 Dinesh Goyal and Santosh K. Goyal 6. Production of Biopesticides.......................................................................191 Surinder Kaur, Gurpreet S. Dhillon, Satinder K. Brar, and Ramesh Chand Part III Biotechnology in Food Processing 7. Production of Fermented Foods................................................................219 Sanjeev K. Soni, Raman Soni, and Chetna Janveja 8. Functional Foods..........................................................................................279 Kulwant S. Sandhu and Sarabjeet K. Sra v vi contents 9. Enzymes in Food Processing.....................................................................329 Ivana G. Sandri, Luciani T. Piemolini-Barreto, and Roselei C. Fontana 10. Production of Polysaccharides..................................................................355 Gordon A. Morris and Stephen E. Harding 11. Production of Sweeteners..........................................................................387 Pedro Fernandes and Joaquim M.S. Cabral 12. Production of Biocolors..............................................................................417 Nuthathai Sutthiwong, Yanis Caro, Philippe Laurent, Mireille Fouillaud, Alain Valla, and Laurent Dufossé 13. Production of Bioflavors.............................................................................447 Jyothi Ramamohan, Harish K. Chopra, and Shubhneet Kaur 14. Genetically Modified Foods......................................................................479 Konstantin Skryabin and Victor Tutelyan Part IV Biotechnological Management of Crop Residues and By-Products of Agro-Industries 15. Production of Mushrooms.........................................................................509 Pardeep K. Khanna and Shivani Sharma 16. Value Addition of Agro-Industrial Wastes and Residues...................557 Parmjit S. Panesar, Satwinder S. Marwaha, and Reeba Panesar Index......................................................................................................................607 Preface Biotechnology.has.a.long.history.of.use.in.agriculture.and.food.process- ing..It.is.a.key.technology.and.has.played.a.significant.role.in.these.areas..It. represents.a.combination.of.both.traditional.and.latest.techniques.based.on. molecular.biology.and.recombinant.DNA.technology..It.has.not.only.been. helpful.in.boosting.the.yield.of.agricultural.crops.but.has.also.led.to.the. generation.of.novel.varieties,.which.can.play.a.significant.role.in.overcom- ing.the.problem.of.hunger.and.malnutrition.worldwide..Biotechnological. techniques.in.food.processing.offer.the.prospect.of.improving.existing.pro- cesses.and.developing.novel.products..The.applications.of.biotechnology. range.from.the.production.of.fermented.foods.to.the.development.of.biosen- sors.and.food.safety.kits,.which.can.help.ensure.the.quality.and.safety.of. food.products. Agriculture.and.food.processing.are.integrated.disciplines,.with.the.lat- ter.having.its.roots.in.the.former..The.role.of.biotechnology.in.these.areas. reflects.the.true.picture.of.its.range.of.applications.from.“farm.to.fork.”. Keeping.this.in.view,.the.compilation.of.this.volume.is.expected.to.provide. comprehensive.information.to.the.readers.on.the.subject.of.biotechnology.. The.objective.of.this.volume.is.to.provide.a.perspective.on.the.important. biotechnological.issues.that.have.direct.relevance.to.agriculture.and.food. processing..Even.with.restricted.perspective,.the.potential.range.of.the.top- ics.is.enormous,.and.it.is.not.possible.to.review.the.whole.field.compre- hensively.in.a.single.volume..Hence,.a.careful.selection.of.chapters.has. been.made.to.provide.readers.with.both.an.in-depth.study.and.a.broad. perception. This.volume.is.divided.into.four.parts..Part.I.explains.the.fundamental. concepts.of.the.role.of.biotechnology.and.genomics.in.agriculture.and.food. processing..Part.II.focuses.on.specific.applications.of.biotechnology.in.agri- culture.and.includes.chapters.on.plant.cell.and.tissue.culture.techniques,. and.genetic.transformation.in.crop.improvement,.besides.production.of.bio- fertilizers.and.biopesticides..Part.III.comprises.of.chapters.that.deal.with. different.aspects.of.biotechnology.in.food.processing.such.as.production.of. fermented.foods,.functional.foods,.enzymes.in.food.processing,.production. of.polysaccharides,.production.of.sweeteners,.biocolors.and.bioflavors,.and. genetically.modified.foods..Part.IV.focuses.on.chapters.on.the.management. of.crop.residues.and.by-products.of.agro-industries,.comprising.mushroom. production.and.value.addition.to.agro-industrial.wastes.and.residues. We.hope.that.this.volume.will.contribute.to.understanding.the.significance. of.biotechnology.applications.in.agriculture.and.food.processing..We.also. hope.that.it.will.help.in.recognizing.the.role.of.microorganisms,.enzymes,. and.biotechnological.techniques.in.both.disciplines,.which.can.give.further. vii viii Preface understanding.of.mechanisms.contributing.to.the.improvement.of.the.over- all.quality.of.agriculture.and.food.products. In.summary,.this.volume,.Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing: Opportunities and Challenges,.is.an.instructive.and.comprehensive.overview. of.current.knowledge.about.the.interventions.of.biotechnology.in.agricul- ture.and.food.applications..In.each.chapter,.a.brief.introduction,.fundamentals,. and.applications.of.the.topic.are.provided,.together.with.future.prospects.and. recent.references..Efforts.have.been.made.to.present.each.chapter.in.a.well- documented.and.illustrated.manner.with.suitable.tables.and.figures..To.make. each.chapter.complete.in.itself,.some.information.may.be.similar.to.that.in. other.chapters,.but,.considering.the.subject.matter.as.a.whole,.should.not.be. considered.as.repetitive. In.conclusion,.this.volume.is.an.indispensable.treatise.that.offers.a.holistic. view.of.all.the.aspects.related.to.the.subject.and.will.be.a.useful.source.not. only.to.academicians.but.also.to.people.working.in.industry..It.is.also.hoped. that.both.students.and.professionals.will.equally.benefit.from.this.volume. Parmjit S. Panesar Satwinder S. Marwaha Acknowledgments We.are.indeed.grateful.to.all.the.contributors.for.sharing.their.expertise. and.for.their.cooperation.and.promptness.in.revising.the.manuscript..We. acknowledge.the.various.sources.of.illustrations.used.in.this.volume,.which. have.been.presented.in.the.form.of.figures.and.tables.and.also.in.the.form.of. references.given.at.the.end.of.every.chapter..We.also.appreciate.the.support. rendered.by.the.research.scholars.in.compiling.this.volume. We.are.especially.indebted.to.Dr..Gagandeep.Singh,.commissioning.edi- tor,.and.Marsha.Pronin,.project.coordinator,.CRC.Press,.Taylor.&.Francis. Group,.for.their.support.in.bringing.out.this.volume..We.also.extend.our. thanks.to.the.production.team.of.Taylor.&.Francis.Group.for.their.efforts.in. the.production.of.this.volume. Last.but.not.least,.we.acknowledge.the.support.of.our.family.members.in. the.preparation.of.this.volume. ix Editors Parmjit S. Panesar.is.a.doctorate.in.biotechnology.from.Punjabi.University,. Patiala,.India,.with.more.than.15.years.experience.in.the.area.of.food.bio- technology.and.enzyme/fermentation.technology..He.now.works.as.profes- sor,.Biotechnology.Research.Laboratory,.Department.of.Food.Engineering. and.Technology,.Sant.Longowal.Institute.of.Engineering.and.Technology. (deemed.to.be.university;.established.by.the.Government.of.India),.Longowal,. Punjab,.India..In.2005,.he.was.awarded.BOYSCAST.(Better.Opportunities.for. Young.Scientists.in.Chosen.Areas.of.Science.and.Technology).fellowship.by. the.Department.of.Science.and.Technology.(DST),.Ministry.of.Science.and. Technology,.Government.of.India,.to.carry.out.advance.research.in.indus- trial.biotechnology.at.Chembiotech.Laboratories,.University.of.Birmingham. Research.Park,.Birmingham,.United.Kingdom..His.postdoctoral.research. focused.on.the.development.of.immobilized.cell.technology.for.the.produc- tion.of.lactic.acid.from.whey..Besides,.he.has.also.been.involved.in.U.S.-.and. Australian-sponsored.projects.on.the.scale-up.of.a.commercial.polysaccha- ride.derivative.in.biomedical.applications.and.critical.evaluation.of.a.com- mercial.test.kit.for.the.detection.of.trace.levels.of.explosives..In.1999,.Dr.. Panesar.was.awarded.the.Young.Scientist.Fellowship.by.the.Punjab.State. Council.for.Science.and.Technology,.Punjab..He.has.undergone.advance. training. from. different. leading. institutes/labs,. including. International. Centre.for.Genetic.Engineering.and.Biotechnology,.Trieste,.Italy;.Institute. of.Microbial.Technology,.Chandigarh,.India;.Central.Food.Technological. Research.Institute,.Mysore,.Karnataka,.India;.and.National.Dairy.Research. Institute,.Karnal,.India. Dr..Panesar.has.published.more.than.80.international/national.scientific. papers,.50.book.reviews.in.peer-reviewed.journals,.and.20.chapters.and.has. authored/edited.4.books..He.is.a.member.of.the.editorial.advisory.boards. of.national/international.journals.and.of.various.national.and.international. professional.bodies.and.committees,.including.scientific.panel.on.“geneti- cally.modified.organisms.and.foods”.constituted.by.the.Food.Safety.and. Standards.Authority.of.India..He.is.also.a.member.of.curriculum.devel- opment. committee. for. designing. syllabi. for. the. food. technology. and. biotechnology.courses.of.various.institutes/universities.of.India..He.has.suc- cessfully.handled.four.major.research.projects.sponsored.by.different.fund- ing.agencies,.such.as.Council.of.Scientific.and.Industrial.Research,.Ministry. of.Human.Resources.Development,.New.Delhi..He.is.a.life.member.of.the. International.Forum.on.Industrial.Bioprocesses,.Biotechnology.Research. Society.of.India,.Association.of.Microbiologists.of.India,.Association.of. Food.Scientists,.Indian.Science.Congress.Association,.and.Technologists. and.Indian.Society.for.Technical.Education..He.is.also.on.the.reviewer.panel. xi xii Editors of.many.national/international.journals.related.to.food.and.biotechnology.. His.research.interests.include.microbial.fermentation,.application.of.immo- bilized.cells/enzymes.in.different.bioprocesses,.and.synthesis.of.prebiotics. Satwinder S. Marwaha.received.his.doctorate.in.microbiology.from.Punjab. Agricultural.University,.Ludhiana,.India,.in.1981.and.is.now.the.chief.execu- tive.officer.of.Punjab.Biotechnology.Incubator.(PBTI),.an.important.compo- nent.of.cluster.of.agri-food.biotechnology.being.developed.in.the.Knowledge. City,.SAS.Nagar,.Mohali,.India..He.was.director.(biotechnology).of.the.Punjab. State.Council.for.Science.and.Technology.from.1997.to.2006.and.professor. and.chairman,.Department.of.Biotechnology,.Punjabi.University,.Patiala,. India,.from.1994.to.1997..He.now.works.as.visiting.professor.and.adjunct. professor.at.the.leading.central.universities.of.India. Dr..Marwaha.has.completed.many.research.projects.for.the.scale-up.of. laboratory-developed.processes.to.technologies.for.transfer.to.field.and. industry..He.has.been.a.member.of.academic.councils/board.of.studies. and. committees. of. state-. and. national-level. institutions/organizations/ corporate.as.well.as.a.member.of.the.board.of.directors.of.a.number.of. national..biotech/life.sciences.industries..He.also.serves.as.a.member.of. the.State.Expert.Appraisal.Committee.(SEAC).constituted.by.the.Ministry. of.Environment.and.Forest,.Government.of.India,.Scientific.Panel.on.GM. Crops.and.Foods.of.Food.Safety.and.Standards.Authority.of.India.(FSSAI),. and.member.of.the.Board.of.Directors.of.Export.Inspection.Council.(EIC). of.India. In.recognition.of.his.professional.contribution,.he.was.conferred.with.the. State.Award.by.the.Government.of.Punjab.(India).in.2003.for.promoting.sci- ence.and.technology..Professor.Marwaha.was.also.a.commonwealth.fellow. in.1982–1983.at.the.University.of.Birmingham,.United.Kingdom,.and.pursued. his.research.activities.in.the.area.of.fermentation.technology..He.has.pub- lished.more.than.120.research.papers.and.review.articles.in.international/ national.journals.and.has.contributed.more.than.30.chapters.in.books. published.by.national.and.international.publishing.houses..He.has.also. published.eight.books.in.the.areas.of.agriculture,.including.agro-processing. biotechnology,.food.biotechnology,.and.environmental.biotechnology.