Table Of Content

Biosensors Emerging Materials and Technologies Series Editor Boris I. Kharissov MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications Zuzeng Qin, Tongming Su, and Hongbing Ji Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage Junbo Hou Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration Mohd Yusuf and Shahid Mohammad Emerging Pollutant Treatment in Wastewater S.K. Nataraj Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Transformations Varun Rawat, Anirban Das, Chandra Mohan Srivastava 2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies Beyond Graphene Zongyu Huang, Xiang Qi, Jianxin Zhong Atomic Force Microscopy for Energy Research Cai Shen Self-Healing Cementitious Materials: Technologies, Evaluation Methods, and Applications Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Iman Faridmehr, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban Thin Film Coatings: Properties, Deposition, and Applications Fredrick Madaraka Mwema, Tien-Chien Jen, and Lin Zhu Biosensors: Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies, and Applications Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, and Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk Error-Tolerant Biochemical Sample Preparation with Microfuidic Lab-on-Chip Sudip Poddar and Bhargab B. Bhattacharya Geopolymers as Sustainable Surface Concrete Repair Materials Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam, and Mahmood Md. Tahir For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Emerging-Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT Biosensors Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies, and Applications Edited by Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, and Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-03865-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-03866-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-18943-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003189435 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editor Biographies.................................................................................................... ix PART I Introduction to Biosensors Chapter 1 Overview of Biosensors: Defnition, Principles, and Instrumentation.............................................................................. 3 PART II Transducers for Biosensors Chapter 2 Electrochemical Transducers for Biosensors ..................................... 27 Chapter 3 Optical Based Transducers for Biosensors......................................... 57 Chapter 4 Mass-Sensitive Based Biosensors ...................................................... 89 PART III Biorecognition Elements Used in Biosensors Chapter 5 Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors ........................................... 107 Chapter 6 Imprinted Polymers in Biosensors ................................................... 123 PART IV Applications of Biosensors Chapter 7 Unprecedented Innovations in Electrochemical Biosensing Approaches for Medical Applications.............................................. 137 Chapter 8 New Trends in Biosensors for Food and Water Safety Monitoring........187 v vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Progress on Biosensors Developed for Detecting Environmental Pollutants ................................................................. 213 Chapter 10 Lateral Flow Assays......................................................................... 233 Chapter 11 Microfuidic Based Biosensors and Applications............................. 261 Chapter 12 Aptamer Based Sensing Approaches Towards Food and Biomedical Applications .................................................................. 289 Chapter 13 Validation Requirements in Biosensors............................................ 313 PART V Challenges and Future Prospects Chapter 14 Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare......................................................................................... 345 Index ...................................................................................................................... 381 Preface The story was started in 1956 by the invention of a glucose biosensor based on the electrochemical detection of oxygen, in which the critical role was attributed to Clark’s oxygen electrode. Interestingly, before this invention, when Prof. Leland Clark tried to publish the results of his frst bubble oxygenator, his manuscript was rejected by the journal's editor because it could not measure oxygen tension rising from the oxygenator. However, that did not stop him, motivating him to expose the oxygen electrode. Since his invention, the Clark electrode has been used in countless biosensing systems to detect numerous analytes associated with clinical, food, environmental, and other settings. Historically Clark’s oxygen electrode was the mile- stone in developing novel biosensing concepts used for all scientifc felds. Over the years, the fundamental sciences have improved the modern technological devices that have accelerated the developments of basic sciences. As a result of this progres- sion, since the introduction of the frst generation of glucose biosensors by Clark, new transduction systems and novel bioreceptors such as antibodies, whole cells, nucleic acids, aptamers, etc. have been introduced and have been manipulated for the detection of many different kinds of targets. However, portable, affordable, user- friendly, and integrated biosensing systems have been adequately used in people’s services despite all these manipulations. Furthermore, there is an increasing need to integrate miniaturized electronics and biological/synthetic/engineered bioreceptors in a chip smaller than a pinhead. The need for such portable diagnostic tools is vitally important for developing countries that do not possess modern laboratory facilities. Apart from these, per- sonalization in medicine also requires rapid and portable biosensing concepts to be progressed by keeping up with technological progress. There is no doubt that nanomaterials have introduced new opportunities to develop biosensors that enable detection of trace amounts of target analytes economically, rapidly, and with only a small required sample volume. So, nanomaterials play a key role in any developmental processes that involve biosensors, biochips, and high throughput arrays. Moreover, the revolutionary advances in microfabrication technologies have allowed the development of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and micro total analysis systems (µTAS), which are miniaturized and integrated biosensors in microfuidic-based chips. The integration of biosensors with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanomaterials has resulted in numerous miniaturized biosensing systems that could be performed to detect any targets coming from clinical, food industry, environmental, and other felds. Although there have been enormous advances in this feld, there is still a need for convenient and affordable biosensing systems. This situation can be turned into an opportunity to make actual scientifc progress. This book aims to highlight the state-of-the-art feld of biosensors with all aspects of the technology including nanomaterials applications, miniaturized and integrated systems, novel bioreceptors and immobilization strategies, and beyond. The prom- inent importance of the book is that it appeals to the general reader, from graduate/ vii viii Preface postgraduate students to researchers and scientists in the feld. In light of this state- ment, the topics in this book include: Part I: Introduction to Biosensors Part II: Transducers for Biosensors Part III: Biorecognition Elements Used in Biosensors Part IV: Applications of Biosensors Part V: Challenges and Future Prospects This book could not have fnished successfully with many people’s support. They have given their breadth of experiences to these book chapters step by step during the diffcult COVID-19 pandemic duration. All book chapters are written by eminent scientists who are universally recognized in different branches of the biosensor feld. Consequently, it should be mentioned that we appreciate all authors who made this book project possible by dedicating themselves to perfecting these chapters. We hope this book will be helpful to all people concerned. We would like to thank our families for their unwavering support and love. In addition, we would like to express our gratitude to Gabrielle Vernachio, our project manager, and CRC Press Publishers, our publisher, for their assistance in publishing this book. Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to leading authors who accepted our invitation to join us and dedicated their valuable time and efforts to guarantee the success of this book. Sibel A. OZKAN Bengi USLU Mustafa Kemal SEZGINTÜRK Editor Biographies SIBEL A. OZKAN is currently working as Full Professor of Analytical Chemistry at Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, where she has been active since 1986. She is an active member of the European Chemical Society-DAC member on behalf of the Turkish Chemical Society. She is a member of the European Pharmacopoeia-EDQM-Chromatography Section. She is also a member of PortASAP: European Network for the Promotion of Portable, Affordable, and Simple Analytical Platform: Core Group of Cost Action CA 16215, Working Group 4. She has been involved in several analytical chemistry projects related to Liquid Chromatography (LC) methods, separation techniques, chiral separation, drug analysis in dosage forms and biological samples, electrochemical biosensors, nanosensors, DNA biosensors, enzyme biosensors, biomarkers, environmental sensors, method development, and validation of drug assay. She has published more than 360 original and review papers (indexed in ISI- WoS), and she is the editor of nine scientifc books and about 50 book chapters. She has more than 8,000 citations of research papers with an h-index of 43. She has several international and national projects and awards. She is the editor of the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (SCI) and Regional Editor (Europe) of Current Pharmaceutical Analysis (SCI). She is also an editorial board member of Talanta (SCI), Chromatographia (SCI), Biosensor & Bioelectronics X, and other important journals. BENGI USLU is currently a full professor in Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, in Turkey. Her areas of inter- est are electrochemistry, biosensors, nanosensors, biotechnology, separation techniques, liquid chromatography, drug analysis, bioanalytical method development, redox mecha nisms of drugs, spectro- photometry, and analytical method validation. Her postdoctoral research, sponsored by The Scientifc and Technological Research Council of Turkey, was conducted with Prof. Emil Palecek at the Institute of Biophysics, Lab of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology in the Czech Republic. She has authored or co-authored more than 180 peer-reviewed full papers and more than 200 oral or poster presentations in scientifc conferences. She has more than 30 book ix