(cid:2) Biorefinery of Inorganics (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Wiley Series in Renewable Resources SeriesEditor: ChristianV.Stevens,FacultyofBioscienceEngineering,GhentUniversity,Belgium TitlesintheSeries: WoodModification:Chemical,ThermalandOtherProcesses CallumA.S.Hill Renewables-BasedTechnology:SustainabilityAssessment JoDewulf,HermanVanLangenhove Biofuels WimSoetaert,ErikVandamme HandbookofNaturalColorants ThomasBechtold,RitaMussak SurfactantsfromRenewableResources MikaelKjellin,IngegärdJohansson IndustrialApplicationsofNaturalFibres:Structure,PropertiesandTechnicalApplications JörgMüssig (cid:2) (cid:2) ThermochemicalProcessingofBiomass:ConversionintoFuels,ChemicalsandPower RobertC.Brown BiorefineryCo-Products:Phytochemicals,PrimaryMetabolitesandValue-AddedBiomass Processing ChantalBergeron,DanielleJulieCarrier,ShriRamaswamy AqueousPretreatmentofPlantBiomassforBiologicalandChemicalConversiontoFuelsand Chemicals CharlesE.Wyman Bio-BasedPlastics:MaterialsandApplications StephanKabasci IntroductiontoWoodandNaturalFiberComposites DouglasD.Stokke,QinglinWu,GuangpingHan CellulosicEnergyCroppingSystems DouglasL.Karlen IntroductiontoChemicalsfromBiomass,2ndEdition JamesH.Clark,FabienDeswarte LigninandLignansasRenewableRawMaterials:Chemistry,TechnologyandApplications FranciscoG.Calvo-Flores,JoseA.Dobado,JoaquínIsac-García,FranciscoJ.Martin-Martínez SustainabilityAssessmentofRenewables-BasedProducts:MethodsandCaseStudies JoDewulf,StevenDeMeester,RodrigoA.F.Alvarenga (cid:2) (cid:2) CelluloseNanocrystals:Properties,ProductionandApplications WadoodHamad Fuels,ChemicalsandMaterialsfromtheOceansandAquaticSources FrancescaM.Kerton,NingYan Bio-BasedSolvents FrançoisJérômeandRafaelLuque NanoporousCatalystsforBiomassConversion Feng-ShouXiaoandLiangWang ThermochemicalProcessingofBiomass:ConversionintoFuels,ChemicalsandPower,2nd Edition RobertC.Brown ChitinandChitosan:PropertiesandApplications LambertusA.M.vandenBroekandCarmenG.Boeriu TheChemicalBiologyofPlantBiostimulants DannyGeelen,LinXu ForthcomingTitles: WasteValorization:WasteStreamsinaCircularEconomy SzeKiLin,ChongLi,GuneetKaur,XiaofengYang ProcessSystemsEngineeringforBiofuelsDevelopment AdriánBonilla-Petriciolet,GadePanduRangaiah (cid:2) (cid:2) BiobasedPackaging:Material,EnvironmentalandEconomicAspects MohdSapuanSalit,RushdanAhmadIlyas (cid:2) (cid:2) Biorefinery of Inorganics Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste (cid:2) Editedby (cid:2) ERIK MEERS DepartmentofGreenChemistry&Technology,GhentUniversity,Belgium GERARD VELTHOF WageningenEnvironmentalResearch,TheNetherlands EVI MICHELS DepartmentofGreenChemistry&Technology,GhentUniversity,Belgium RENÉ RIETRA WageningenEnvironmentalResearch,TheNetherlands (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2020 ©2020JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedby law.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/ go/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Meers,Erik,1976-editor.|Velthof,Gerard,1964-editor.|Michels,Evi,1980-editor.|Rietra, Rene,1967-editor. Title:Biorefineryofinorganics:recoveringmineralnutrientsfrom biomassandorganicwaste/editedbyErikMeers,FacultyofBioscience Engineer,LaboratoryofAnalyticalChem,GerardVelthof,EviMichels,ReneRietra, WageningenUniversity. Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2020] |Series:Wileyseriesinrenewableresources|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2020005302(print)|LCCN2020005303(ebook)|ISBN 9781118921456(hardback)|ISBN9781118921463(adobepdf)|ISBN 9781118921470(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Sewage–Purification–Nutrientremoval.|Factoryandtrade waste–Purification.|Nutrientpollutionofwater Classification:LCCTD758.5.N58.B562020(print)|LCCTD758.5.N58 (ebook)|DDC631.8/69–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020005302 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020005303 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©NataschaKaukorat/Shutterstock,Educationglobe©IngramPublishing/AlamyStockPhoto Setin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY 10987654321 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ListofContributors xix SeriesPreface xxv Preface xxvii SectionI GlobalNutrientFlowsandCyclinginFoodSystems 1 1 GlobalNutrientFlowsandCyclinginFoodSystems 3 QianLiu,JingmengWang,YongHou,KimovanDijk,WeiQin,JanPeter Lesschen,GerardVelthof,andOeneOenema 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 PrimaryandSecondaryDrivingForcesofNutrientCycling 4 1.3 AnthropogenicInfluencesonNutrientCycling 6 1.4 TheGlobalNitrogenCycle 7 (cid:2) (cid:2) 1.5 TheGlobalPhosphorusCycle 9 1.6 ChangesinFertilizerUseDuringtheLast50Years 12 1.7 ChangesinHarvestedCropProductsandinCropResiduesDuring theLast50Years 14 1.8 ChangesintheAmountsofNandPinAnimalProductsand Manures 15 1.9 ChangesintheTradeofFoodandFeed 16 1.10 ChangesinNutrientBalances 16 1.11 GeneralDiscussion 17 References 20 SectionII TheRoleofPolicyFrameworksintheTransition TowardNutrientRecycling 23 2.1 TowardaFrameworkthatStimulatesMineralRecoveryinEurope 25 NicolasDeLaVegaandGregoryReuland 2.1.1 TheImportanceofManagingOrganicResidues 25 2.1.2 TheRiseofNutrientandCarbonRecycling 26 2.1.3 TheEuropeanFrameworkforNutrientRecoveryandReuse(NRR) 27 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 2.1.4 EUWasteLegislation 27 2.1.5 MovingfromWastetoProductLegislationandtheInterplaywith OtherEULegislation 29 2.1.6 ComplyingwithExistingEnvironmentalandHealth&Safety Legislation 30 2.1.7 Conclusion 32 References 32 2.2 LivestockNutrientManagementPolicyFrameworkintheUnitedStates 33 GeorgineYorgeyandChadKruger 2.2.1 Introduction 33 2.2.2 TheLegal-RegulatoryFrameworkforManureNutrient Management 34 2.2.3 CurrentManure-ManagementPractices 35 2.2.4 PublicInvestmentsforImprovementofManure-Management Practices 36 2.2.5 TheRoleoftheJudicialProcessandConsumer-DrivenPreferences 37 2.2.6 LimitationsoftheCurrentFramework 38 2.2.7 Conclusion 39 References 40 2.3 BiomassNutrientManagementinChina:TheImpactofRapidGrowth andEnergyDemand 43 (cid:2) (cid:2) PaulThiers 2.3.1 Introduction 43 2.3.2 TheImpactofEconomicLiberalizationPolicyinthe1980sand 1990s 43 2.3.3 EnvironmentalProtectionEffortsandUnintendedConsequences 44 2.3.4 RenewableEnergyPolicyandItsImpactonBiomassManagement 46 2.3.5 Conclusion 49 References 50 2.4 NutrientCyclinginAgricultureinChina 53 LinMa,YongHou,andZhaohaiBai 2.4.1 Introduction 53 2.4.2 NutrientCyclinginChina 54 2.4.3 EffectsontheEnvironment 55 2.4.4 NutrientManagementPolicies 57 2.4.5 FuturePerspectives 59 2.4.5.1 NationalNutrientManagementStrategy 59 2.4.5.2 ChallengesofTechnologyTransferinManureManagement 59 2.4.5.3 EnvironmentalProtection 60 2.4.6 Conclusion 61 References 63 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix SectionIII StateoftheArtandEmergingTechnologiesin NutrientRecoveryfromOrganicResidues 65 3.1 ManureasaResourceforEnergyandNutrients 67 IvonaSigurnjak,ReinhartVanPoucke,CélineVaneeckhaute,EviMichels, andErikMeers 3.1.1 Introduction 67 3.1.2 EnergyProductionfromAnimalManure 68 3.1.2.1 AnaerobicDigestion 71 3.1.2.2 ThermochemicalConversionProcess 73 3.1.3 NutrientRecoveryTechniques 76 3.1.3.1 PhosphorusPrecipitation 77 3.1.3.2 AmmoniaStrippingandScrubbing 77 3.1.3.3 MembraneFiltration 78 3.1.3.4 PhosphorusExtractionfromAshes 79 3.1.4 Conclusion 79 References 79 3.2 MunicipalWastewaterasaSourceforPhosphorus 83 AleksandraBogdan,AnaAlejandraRoblesAguilar,EviMichels, andErikMeers 3.2.1 Introduction 83 (cid:2) 3.2.2 PhosphorusRemovalfromWastewater 84 (cid:2) 3.2.3 SludgeManagement 84 3.2.4 CurrentStateofPRecoveryTechnologies 85 3.2.4.1 PhosphorusSaltsPrecipitation 85 3.2.4.2 PhosphorusRecoveryViaWet-ChemicalProcesses 87 3.2.4.3 PhosphorusRecoveryViaThermalProcesses 88 3.2.4.4 ChoiceofPhosphorusTechnologiesToday 89 3.2.5 FuturePRecoveryTechnologies 90 3.2.5.1 PhosphorusSaltRecoveryUpgrades 90 3.2.5.2 ThermalProcesses 91 3.2.5.3 NaturalProcessfortheRecoveryofPhosphorus 91 3.2.6 Conclusion 92 References 92 3.3 AmmoniaStrippingandScrubbingforMineralNitrogenRecovery 95 ClaudioBrienza,IvonaSigurnjak,EviMichels,andErikMeers 3.3.1 Introduction 95 3.3.2 AmmoniaStrippingandScrubbingfromBiobasedResources 96 3.3.2.1 AcidScrubbingofExhaustAir 97 3.3.2.2 StrippingandScrubbingfromManure 97 3.3.2.3 StrippingandScrubbingfromAnaerobicDigestate 97 3.3.2.4 ManureandDigestateProcessingbyEvaporation 98 (cid:2) (cid:2) x Contents 3.3.3 AlternativeScrubbingAgents 98 3.3.3.1 OrganicAcids 98 3.3.3.2 NitricAcid 98 3.3.3.3 Gypsum 99 3.3.4 IndustrialCasesofStrippingandScrubbing 99 3.3.4.1 WasteAirCleaningViaAcidScrubbing 99 3.3.4.2 RawDigestateProcessingViaStrippingandScrubbingand RecirculationoftheN-DepletedDigestate 99 3.3.4.3 LiquidFractionDigestateProcessingViaStrippingand Scrubbing 100 3.3.4.4 LiquidFractionofDigestateProcessingViaMembrane SeparationandStrippingandScrubbing 100 3.3.5 ProductQualityofAmmoniumSulfateandAmmoniumNitrate 100 3.3.5.1 AmmoniumSulfate 101 3.3.5.2 AmmoniumNitrate 102 3.3.6 Conclusion 102 References 103 SectionIV InspiringCasesinNutrientRecoveryProcesses 107 4.1 StruviteRecoveryfromDomesticWastewater 109 AdrienMarchi,SamGeerts,BartSaerens,MarjoleineWeemaes, (cid:2) LiesDeClercq,andErikMeers (cid:2) 4.1.1 Introduction 109 4.1.2 ProcessDescription 110 4.1.3 AnalysesandTests 111 4.1.3.1 MassBalance 111 4.1.3.2 StruvitePurity 112 4.1.4 OperationalBenefits 114 4.1.4.1 EnhancedDewaterability 114 4.1.4.2 EnhancedRecoveryPotential 115 4.1.4.3 ReducedScaling 115 4.1.4.4 ReducedPhosphorusContentintheSludgePellets 116 4.1.4.5 ReducedPandNLoadintheRejectionWater 116 4.1.5 EconomicEvaluation 116 4.1.6 FutureChallenges 117 4.1.6.1 In-DepthQualityScreening 117 4.1.6.2 ImprovedCrystalSeparation 117 4.1.7 Conclusion 118 References 118 4.2 MineralConcentratesfromMembraneFiltration 121 PaulHoeksmaandFridtjofdeBuisonjé 4.2.1 Introduction 121 (cid:2)