Biomedical & NaNomedical TechNologies coNcise moNograph series Biopolymers Based micro- and Nano- materials Nitar Nwe Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Series Editors’ Preface © 2015, The american society of mechanical engineers, 2 park avenue, New York, NY 10016, Usa (www.asme.org) Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies (B&NT) all rights reserved. printed in the United states of america. except as permitted under the United This concise monograph series focuses on the implementation of various states copyright act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form engineering principles in the conception, design, development, analysis and or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. operation of biomedical, biotechnological and nanotechnology systems and applications. The primary objective of the series is to compile the lat- co-published by momentum press, llc, 222 e. 46th street, #203, New York, est research topics in biomedical and nanomedical technologies, specifically NY 10017, Usa (www.momentumpress.net) devices and materials. Each volume comprises a collection of invited manuscripts, written in an iNFormaTioN coNTaiNed iN This WorK has BeeN oBTaiNed BY The americaN socieTY oF mechaNical eNgiNeers From soUrces BelieVed accessible manner and of a concise and manageable length. These timely col- To Be reliaBle. hoWeVer, NeiTher asme Nor iTs aUThors or ediTors lections will provide an invaluable resource for initial enquiries about technol- gUaraNTee The accUracY or compleTeNess oF aNY iNFormaTioN ogies, encapsulating the latest developments and applications with reference pUBlished iN This WorK. NeiTher asme Nor iTs aUThors aNd ediTors sources for further detailed information. The content and format have been shall Be respoNsiBle For aNY errors, omissioNs, or damages arisiNg specifically designed to stimulate further advances and applications of these oUT oF The Use oF This iNFormaTioN. The WorK is pUBlished WiTh The UNdersTaNdiNg ThaT asme aNd iTs aUThors aNd ediTors are sUpplYiNg technologies by reaching out to the non-specialist across a broad audience. iNFormaTioN BUT are NoT aTTempTiNg To reNder eNgiNeeriNg or Contributions to Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies will inspire oTher proFessioNal serVices. iF sUch eNgiNeeriNg or proFessioNal interest in further research and development using these technologies and serVices are reQUired, The assisTaNce oF aN appropriaTe proFessioNal encourage other potential applications. This will foster the advancement of shoUld Be soUghT. biomedical and nanomedical applications, ultimately improving healthcare asme shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its pub- delivery. lications (B7.1.3). statement from the Bylaws. Editor: For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not fall- Ahmed Al-Jumaily, PhD, Professor of biomechanical Engineering & ing within the fair use provisions of the copyright act, contact the copyright clearance center (ccc), director of the Institute of biomedical technologies, Auckland University 222 rosewood drive, danvers, ma 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com. of technology. requests for special permission or bulk reproduction should be addressed to the asme publishing department, or submitted online at https://www.asme.org/shop/books/book-proposals/permissions Associate Editors: CAhssroisctiaotpeh Eedr iHto.rMs:. Jenkins, PhD, PE, Professor and Head, Mechanical & asme press books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums or for use in corporate ICnhdruissttroipalh Eern gHin.eMer.i nJegn Dkeinpsa,r tPmhe, nPt,E M, Ponrotafensas oSrt aatned U hnievaedrs, itMy.echanical & training programs. For more information, contact special sales at [email protected] Industrial Engineering department, Montana State University. Said Jahanmir, PhD, President & CEO, MiTiHeart Corporation. a catalog record is available from the library of congress. SGhuayn zMho. nGg en(Sinh,a wPnh)D ,D Auasnso, ciPahteD P, rPofreosfseosrs oor,f MMeecchhaannicicaal l EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg, Print ISBN: 978-0-7918-6040-3 Sanodu tMh Dataerkioatlsa SStcaietne cUe,n wivearsshitiyn.gton University in St. Louis, and Associate ASME Order No. 860403 Professor of Neurological Surgery, washington University School of Electronic ISBN: 978-1-60650-659-2 CMoendricaidn eM. . Zapanta, PhD, Associate Department Head of Biomedical Engineering, Teaching Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University. Feng Xu, PhD, Professor, The key Laboratory of biomedical Information WEniglilniaemer iJn. gW ofe Missi,n PishtrDy ,o fP Erodfuecsastoiro no,f S Scuhrogoelr oyf aLnidfe BSicoieenncgei naenedr itnegc,h Cnoollloeggye, oanf dM dedirieccintoer, ,Th XJet PUen bnisoymlveadniicaa Sl Etanteg iUneneirvienrgs i&ty. biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China. Siddiq M. Qidwai, PhD, Mechanical Engineer, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. ASME_12th_BioNano_Monograph_FM.indd iii Manila Typesetting Company 01/06/2015 02:52PM Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Series Editors’ Preface Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies (B&NT) This concise monograph series focuses on the implementation of various engineering principles in the conception, design, development, analysis and operation of biomedical, biotechnological and nanotechnology systems and applications. The primary objective of the series is to compile the lat- est research topics in biomedical and nanomedical technologies, specifically devices and materials. Each volume comprises a collection of invited manuscripts, written in an accessible manner and of a concise and manageable length. These timely col- lections will provide an invaluable resource for initial enquiries about technol- ogies, encapsulating the latest developments and applications with reference sources for further detailed information. The content and format have been specifically designed to stimulate further advances and applications of these technologies by reaching out to the non-specialist across a broad audience. Contributions to Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies will inspire interest in further research and development using these technologies and encourage other potential applications. This will foster the advancement of biomedical and nanomedical applications, ultimately improving healthcare delivery. Editor: Ahmed Al-Jumaily, PhD, Professor of biomechanical Engineering & director of the Institute of biomedical technologies, Auckland University of technology. Associate Editors: CAhssroisctiaotpeh Eedr iHto.rMs:. Jenkins, PhD, PE, Professor and Head, Mechanical & ICnhdruissttroipalh Eern gHin.eMer.i nJegn Dkeinpsa,r tPmhe, nPt,E M, Ponrotafensas oSrt aatned U hnievaedrs, itMy.echanical & Industrial Engineering department, Montana State University. Said Jahanmir, PhD, President & CEO, MiTiHeart Corporation. SGhuayn zMho. nGg en(Sinh,a wPnh)D ,D Auasnso, ciPahteD P, rPofreosfseosrs oor,f MMeecchhaannicicaal l EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg, Sanodu tMh Dataerkioatlsa SStcaietne cUe,n wivearsshitiyn.gton University in St. Louis, and Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery, washington University School of CMoendricaidn eM. . Zapanta, PhD, Associate Department Head of Biomedical Engineering, Teaching Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University. Feng Xu, PhD, Professor, The key Laboratory of biomedical Information WEniglilniaemer iJn. gW ofe Missi,n PishtrDy ,o fP Erodfuecsastoiro no,f S Scuhrogoelr oyf aLnidfe BSicoieenncgei naenedr itnegc,h Cnoollloeggye, oanf dM dedirieccintoer, ,Th XJet PUen bnisoymlveadniicaa Sl Etanteg iUneneirvienrgs i&ty. biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China. Siddiq M. Qidwai, PhD, Mechanical Engineer, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. ASME_12th_BioNano_Monograph_FM.indd iii Manila Typesetting Company 01/06/2015 02:52PM Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Table of Contents Series Editors’ Preface iii Abstract vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Production of biopolymers 3 2-a production of agar 3 2-B production of agarose 3 2-c production of alginate 3 2-d production of carrageenan 3 2-e production of cellulose: plant and bacterial source 3 2-F production of chitin and chitosan 8 2-g production of starch 13 2-h production of dNa 13 2-i production of protein 15 3. Characteristics of biopolymers 23 3-a molecular compositions of biopolymers 23 3-B solubility properties of biopolymers 26 4. Preparation of macro-, micro- and nano-materials using biopolymers 29 4-a preparation of macro-, micro- and nano-sized particles using biopolymers 29 4-B preparation of micro- and nano-sized fibers using biopolymers 29 4-c preparation of micro- and nano-sized pores in membranes using biopolymers 33 4-d preparation of micro- and nano-sized pores in scaffolds using biopolymers 38 5. Characterization of macro-, micro- and nano-biomaterials 41 5-a morphology, pore size and porosity of micro- and nano-biomaterials 41 5-B Water absorption property of macro-, micro- and nano-biomaterials 42 5-c mechanical properties of micro- and nano-biomaterials 43 5-d In vitro biodegradation of micro- and nano-biomaterials 43 5-e determination of metal content in micro- and nano-biomaterials 43 5-F attachment, morphology, viability and proliferation of life cells on micro- and nano-biomaterials 44 6. Applications of macro-, micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using biopolymers 47 6-a application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using agar 47 6-B application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using agarose 47 6-c application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using alginate 47 6-d application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using carrageenan 47 6-e application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using plant and bacterial cellulose 47 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use vi Biopolymers Based Micro- and Nano-Materials 6-F application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using chitin and chitosan 50 6-g application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using starch 50 6-h applications of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using dNa 50 6-i application of micro- and nano-biomaterials prepared using proteins 50 7. Conclusion 53 References 55 About the Author 61 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Abstract Nowadays biopolymers such as agar, agarose, alginate, carrageenan, cel- lulose, chitin, chitosan, collagen, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, glucan, starch, dNa, rNa and protein have been produced from laboratory to in- dustrial scale. The physico-chemical properties of these biopolymers such as chemical compositions, solubility, molecular weight and viscos- ity are of major importance on the preparation of micro- and nano- materials such as powder, solution, hydrogel, micro- and nano-sized pores in membrane, micro- and nano-fiber, macro- and micro-beads, nano-particles, and micro- and nano-structured scaffold. These micro- and nano-materials have been used in various sectors such as agricul- ture, food, medicine, etc. This monograph will address the source and production methods of biopolymers, properties of biopolymers, prepa- ration of micro- and nano-materials using biopolymers, characteriza- tion of micro- and nano-biomaterials and application of micro- and nano-biomaterials. Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use 1. Introduction Polymers are macromolecules composed with one or more types of repeating monomer units. Biopolymers are polymers synthesized dur­ ing metabolic process of living organisms. Living organisms are mainly divided into two categories: microorganisms and macroorganisms. Macro­ organisms are multicellular organisms (i.e., animal, plants, some fungi and some algae), but microorganisms are unicellular (bacteria, some yeast, some fungi, some algae, etc.) or multicellular (some fungi, some yeasts, some algae, etc) organisms. There are two basic types of cells: prokaryote and eukaryote. Prokaryotic cells are usually unicellular organ­ isms, while eukaryotic cells are composed either unicellular or multicel­ lular organisms. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are mainly synthesized carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Nowadays biopoly­ mers such as polysaccharide, DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids have been produced from macro­ and micro­organisms. Polysaccharide such as agar, alginate and carrageenan are produced from algae. Agarose is produced from agar. Nanofibrillated cellulose is mainly produced from wood pulp and cotton. Moreover microbial cel­ lulose has also been produced by various species of bacteria. Chitin and chitosan are found as supporting materials in many aquatic organisms, in many insects, in terrestrial crustaceans, in mushrooms, in some fungi and in some yeast. Commercially chitin and chitosan are produced form aquatic organisms. Commercially starch is produced from cassava root, sweet potato, rice, potato, wheat and corn. Plasmid DNAs is pro­ duced by fermentation process followed by chromatographic purification method. Proteins such as collagen and gelatin have been produced from ocean fish’s skin, pork skin and cow bone. Biopolymers have been used to prepare various forms of micro­ and nano­materials and these materials have been applied in many food products, medical products, etc. This monograph describes the produc­ tion and characterization of biopolymers, preparation of macro­, micro­ and nano­materials using biopolymers and their applications. Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use ASME_Nitar_Ch.01.indd 1 Manila Typesetting Company 04/14/2015 12:42PM Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/08/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use