IUPACSeriesonAnalyticalandPhysicalChemistry ofEnvironmentalSystems.Volume11 Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems Editedby PROFESSORNICOLASENESI DepartmentofBiologyandChemistry,UniversityofBari,Italy PROFESSORKEVINJ.WILKINSON DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMontreal,Canada A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems IUPACSERIESONANALYTICALANDPHYSICALCHEMISTRY OFENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMS SeriesEditors JacquesBuffle,UniversityofGeneva,Geneva,Switzerland HermanP.vanLeeuwen,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen, TheNetherlands SeriespublishedwithintheframeworkoftheactivitiesoftheIUPACCommissiononFundamental EnvironmentalChemistry,DivisionofChemistryandtheEnvironment. INTERNATIONALUNIONOFPUREANDAPPLIEDCHEMISTRY(IUPAC) Secretariat,POBox13757,104T.W.AlexanderDrive,Building19, ResearchTrianglePark,NC27709-3757,USA Previouslypublishedvolumes(LewisPublishers) EnvironmentalParticlesVol.1(1992)ISBN0-87371-589-6 EditedbyJacquesBuffleandHermanP.vanLeeuwen EnvironmentalParticlesVol.2(1993)ISBN0-87371-895-X EditedbyJacquesBuffleandHermanPvanLeeuwen PreviouslyPublishedvolumes(JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd) MetalSpeciationandBioavailabilityinAquaticSystemsVol.3(1995) ISBN0-471-95830-1 EditedbyAndreTessierandDavidRTurner StructureandSurfaceReactionsofSoilParticlesVol.4(1998) ISBN0-471-95936-7 EditedbyPanM.Huang,NicolaSenesiandJacquesBuffle AtmosphericParticlesVol.5(1998) ISBN0-471-95935-9 EditedbyRoyM.HarrisonandReneEvanGrieken InSituMonitoringofAquaticSystemsVol.6(2000) ISBN0-471-48979-4 EditedbyJacquesBuffleandGeorgeHorvai TheBiogeochemistryofIroninSeawaterVol.7(2001) ISBN0-471-49068-7 EditedbyDavidR.TurnerandKeithA.Hunter InteractionsbetweenSoilParticlesandMicroorganismsVol.8(2002) ISBN0-471-60790-8 EditedbyPanM.Huang,Jean-MarcBollagandNicolaSenesi PhysicochemicalKineticsandTransportatBiointerfacesVol.9(2004) ISBN0-471-49845-9 EditedbyHermanP.vanLeeuwenandWolfgangKoster EnvironmentalColloidsandParticles–Behaviour,SeparationandCharacterisationVol.10(2006) ISBN978-0470-024324 EditedbyKevinJ.WilkinsonandJamieLead BiophysicalChemistryofFractalStructuresandProcessesinEnvironmentalSystemsVol.11(2008) ISBN978-0470-014745 EditedbyNicolaSenesiandKevinJ.Wilkinson IUPACSeriesonAnalyticalandPhysicalChemistry ofEnvironmentalSystems.Volume11 Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems Editedby PROFESSORNICOLASENESI DepartmentofBiologyandChemistry,UniversityofBari,Italy PROFESSORKEVINJ.WILKINSON DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMontreal,Canada A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication Copyright©2008IUPAC Publishedin2008by JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsof theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency Ltd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.Requeststo thePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate, Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,OntarioL5R4J3,Canada Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailable inelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Senesi,N.(Nicola) Biophysicalchemistryoffractalstructuresandprocessesinenvironmentalsystems/NicolaSenesi,KevinWilkinson. p. cm.—(Seriesonanalyticalandphysicalchemistryofenvironmentalsystems) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-01474-5(cloth:alk.paper) 1. Physicalbiochemistry. 2. Fractals. 3. Environmentalchemistry. I. Wilkinson,KevinJ. II. Title. QD476.2.S362008 577(cid:2).14—dc22 2008011002 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-470-01474-5 Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternationalLtd,Padstow,Cornwall Contents AbouttheEditors vii ListofContributors ix SeriesPreface xi Preface xiii 1. IntroductiontotheStudyofEnvironmentalFractals 1 NicolaSenesiandKevinJ.Wilkinson 2. IntroductiontoFractalGeometry,FragmentationProcessesand MultifractalMeasures:TheoryandOperationalAspectsoftheir ApplicationtoNaturalSystems 11 PhilippeBaveye,CharlesW.Boast,SarraGaspard,AnaM.Tarquis andHumbertoMillan 3. MethodsandTechniquesforFractalAnalysisofEnvironmental Systems 69 GraemeBushell 4. FractalStructuresandMechanismsinCoagulation/Flocculation ProcessesinEnvironmentalSystems:TheoreticalAspects 111 SergeStollandSilviaDiez 5. FractalMechanismsinCoagulation/FlocculationProcessesin EnvironmentalSystems 149 JeanYvesBottero,ArmandMasionandJérômeRose 6. FractalApproachtoAdsorption/DesorptionProcesseson EnvironmentalSurfaces 179 ZofiaSokołowskaandStefanSokołowski 7. ApplicationsofFractalsintheStudyofHumicMaterials 221 JamesA.Rice 8. FractalGeometryandMicroorganismsintheEnvironment 239 LynneBoddyandDamianP.Donnelly 9. FractalGeometryofAerosolParticles 273 IanColbeck Index 317 About the Editors NicolaSenesiisProfessorofSoilChemistryandHead of the Department of Agroforestal and Environmental Biology and Chemistry of the University of Bari, Italy, where he has been actively involved in research and teaching since 1969. He has taught courses in Soil Chemistry, Soil Science,Agricultural Chemistry,Wood ChemistryandTechnology,OrganicChemistry,andGen- eral and Inorganic Chemistry. He has been a visiting professor and/or scientist for various periods at univer- sitiesinCanada,USA,Somalia,Indonesia,Switzerland, Argentina, Brasil, Venezuela and Colombia. Dr. Senesi isaFellowoftheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy(ASA) since 1995 and the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)since1996,andreceivedtheGoldMedalofthe Polish Soil Science Society in 1994. He was conferred with a Doctorate Honoris CausabytheInstituteNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse(INPT),France,in2000. Dr. Senesi is currently President of Division VI: Chemistry and the Environment andChairoftheSubcommitteeonBiophysico-ChemicalProcessesinEnvironmental Systems of IUPAC, President of MESAEP, and Vice-President of the Italian Soil Science Society (SISS), and was President of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) and Chairman of Division II-Soil Properties and Processes of the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS). He is currently anAssociate Editor of Geoderma,SoilScience,Pedosphere,PureandAppliedChemistryandCLEAN-Soil, Air,Water.Dr.Senesi’sresearchisfocusedonfundamentalandappliedaspectsofthe chemistryandbiochemistryoforganicmatterfromsoilsandothersystemsandmater- ials,anditsinteractionswithsoil-appliedorganicchemicalsandtracemetals,bythe useofadvancedphysico-chemicaltechniquesandbiochemicaltools.Specifictopics ofresearchincludetheabioticinteractionsofherbicidesandendocrinedisruptorswith humicsubstances,thecomplexationmechanismsbetweentracemetalsofagricultural andenvironmentalimportanceandnaturalandartificialhumicmaterials,thephysiolo- gicalandantimutageniceffectsofhumicsubstancesonplants,andtheimplications ofrecyclingorganicwastesonsoilfertilityandcropproduction.Heisalsopioneer- ing the application of fractal geometry to the study of molecular conformation and aggregationprocessesofnaturalsoilorganiccolloids.Theresultsofhisresearchare documentedinabout300scientificandtechnicalpapersandabout60bookchapters andinvitedreviews.Dr.Senesihasalsoco-edited12booksandProceedingsVolumes.