Series in BioEngineering Amine Nait-Ali   Editor Biometrics under Biomedical Considerations Series in BioEngineering The Series in Bioengineering serves as an information source for a professional audience in science and technology as well as for advanced students. It covers all applications of the physical sciences and technology to medicine and the life sciences.Itsscoperangesfrombioengineering,biomedicalandclinicalengineering to biophysics, biomechanics, biomaterials, and bioinformatics. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10358 Amine Nait-Ali Editor Biometrics under Biomedical Considerations 123 Editor AmineNait-Ali Laboratoire Images,Signaux etSystèmes Intelligents University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) Vitry-sur-Seine, France ISSN 2196-8861 ISSN 2196-887X (electronic) Series in BioEngineering ISBN978-981-13-1143-7 ISBN978-981-13-1144-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1144-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018957673 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Preface In general terms, Biometrics can be defined as a technology which recognizes individualsbytheirphysicalorbehaviouralcharacteristics.Thiscommondefinition isoftenemployedbyconsideringBiometricsasasecuritysolutiontodealwiththe identification or verification of individuals. However, one can raise the following question: Is there a reason to specifically use the term “Biometrics” within this context?Probably,theanswerwouldbeayes.Nowadays,Biometrictechnologyis not restricted to law enforcement or government departments by identifying criminals or by controlling borders, but it is also accessible and used in almost everydaylife.Itallowsamoresecureaccessaswellasmakingourlifeeasier.Due to the fact that Biometric systems are commonly integrated into general purpose devices such as smartphones and computers, the attitude of the general public has changed towards them because it has become more acceptable. In addition, com- mercialBiometricindustryisstillgrowingandiscontinuallybeinginnovated,soit is not surprising the conventional metal key and passwords will not be used any- more as we know it today. In fact, Biometrics has been integrated into many products to make them smart, simple, and secure. Consequently, this has certainly had an impact onthe way the term Biometrics isemployed. Withinthis context,if an average person on the street is asked about their knowledge on biometrics, the answer can roughly range from a collection of keywords such as security, finger- print, voice recognition to face recognition. However, Biometrics does not explicitly refer to security; there are many scientific communities that deal with Biometricsfromastatisticalpointofviewmainlybecauseitconsiderstheanalysis and the study of measurable biological characteristics applied in fields such as agriculture and medicine. Furthermore, the term Biometrics once split into two halves, “Bio” and “Metrics”, each half then highlights a clear and a significant meaning whereby “Bio” refers to “Biology” and “Metrics” refers to “Measurement”. Therefore, if one achieves a measurement on any living being, it canbealsoconsideredasBiometricswhicheverthepurposeoftheapplicationfield is, and this includes security, medicine and healthcare, sport, gaming, and agri- cultural botanical or veterinary sciences. v vi Preface This book highlights an aspect of the “Philosophy” discussed above. The main purposeistoconnectBiometricstoBiomedicalengineeringfromdifferentpointof views, including providing an overview on the different applications used in this field.Thisbookalsoexplainsthebordersbetween bothfields.Itprovidesaclearer understandingofsomegreyareasbygivingaclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthetwo fields. For example, Biometrics such as in security Biometrics may require some biomedicalknowledgeandpriorinformationtoreachthefinaldecisionprovidedby biometricsystems.Incontrast,somebiomedicalengineeringapplicationsmayshare a scheme almost as similar as the one used for security Biometrics except that the purpose of the last block of the generic scheme is to identify specific pathologies ratherthanaperson’sidentity.Insomeothersituations,BiometricsandBiomedical engineering may complement each other leading to some specific and useful applications. In conclusion, Biometrics has significantly evolved over the last decades, so its terminology should correspond to the pace in order to prevent any confusion or misinterpretation. For instance, terminologies such as medical Biometrics,securityBiometrics,sportBiometrics,andgamingBiometricsoughtto be used to clearly define the purpose of each application. The book contains thirteen chapters in which five sections are addressed, including the influence of pathologies on some security Biometric modalities like face, iris, and fingerprint identification, medical and security biometrics, and behavioural biometrics. Finally, instrumentation wearable technologies and imag- ing and some case studies are presented in the last chapters. Entitled,BiometricsunderBiomedical Considerations,thebookisorganizedas follows: Chapter “Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprints”. This chapter deals with fingerprintmodalityfromabiomedicalpointofview.Inparticular,itconsidersthe cases where a user’s fingers suffer from a dermatologic disease leading to damage of ridges. Such situations have a negative impact on both identification and veri- fication processes. Chapter “Iris Recognition in Cases of Eye Pathology”. The purpose of this chapter is toprovide an insight into iris recognition system performances for users suffering from some ocular pathologies. Such situations are analysed in terms of influences, and possible means are discussed to take this case into account during the phase of iris samples matching. Chapter “Facial Rejuvenation Modeling”. Face modelling is discussed in this chapter. It describes the process of normal facial growth trajectory within the cat- egoriesofdifferent age groups. The de-ageingstudy isbased ona 2D genericface model highlighted by providing numerous illustrations showing digital face reju- venation from adulthood to childhood appearance. At the end of this chapter, an extension of a 3D generic model is proposed. Chapter“FacialAgeingModeling”.Inthischapter,facialbiometricsisdiscussed fromtheageingpointofview.Bothgeometricalandtexturalaspectsarediscussed. This challenging biometrics can be useful in numerous applications, including security, biomedical engineering, plastic surgery, and forensics. Preface vii Chapter “Lifestyle Facial Ageing Models”. This chapter is an extension of the previous chapter whereby digital face ageing is explained by taking into account lifestyle factors. The objective is to be able to predict the biometric facial appearancebyincludingsomepriorandbehaviouralinformationlikeaddictionsof some drugs, alcohol, and smoking. Chapter “3D Face Analysis for Healthcare”. It describes 3D face acquisition aspects and protocols. It discusses computer-aided three-dimensional face biomet- rics in health for surgery, prosthesis, ophthalmology, dermatology, and cosmetics purposes. Chapter “Facial Biometrics: From Security to Biomedical Applications”. The aim of this chapter is to bridge the gap between classical facial recognition approaches which are commonly considered for identification or verification, i.e. securityapplicationswithsomeextendedoradjustedsystemsrelatedtoBiomedical engineering field. Chapter“EyeMovementAnalysisinBiometrics”.Inthischapter,eyemovement inbiometricsisaddressed.Anoverviewofacquisitionaspectsandapplicationsare discussed, and it considers using this behavioural modality for recognition purposes. Chapter “Biometric Legged Locomotion Fundamentals”. This chapter can be classified into the category of behavioural Biometrics. The general purpose approach is to either analyse and identify pathologies oridentify individuals from their gait ground reaction force signals. Based on a classical biometric scheme, acquisition, analysis, preprocessing, and feature extraction are discussed. Chapter “Wearable Technologies in Biomedical and Biometric Applications”. Thepurposeofthischapteristodiscussthechallengingandemergingtechnology, namely “wearable technology”. Based on bio-signal acquisition, numerous appli- cations in biomedical and biometrics are discussed. After highlighting some available systems in the market, the chapter focuses on a particular technology using an armband. Biometrics is then considered from different points of view. Chapter“BiometricsfromCellularImaging”.Inthischapter,cellularimagingis considered from medical Biometrics of cells. In particular, the chapter brings together different aspects of the cellular imaging from microscopy to cell biology, and from image processing to genomics. Chapter “Medical Devices Design: Vital Sign Monitoring Case Study”. It pre- sents the proof of the concept of vital signs monitoring devices designed and conceived in laboratories. These types of designs can be used or adjusted in many applications related to Biometrics such as in medical Biometrics, clinical Biometrics, and for bio-signals authentication purpose. Chapter “From Medical to Security Biometrics: Some Case Studies”. This chapterfocusesonsomestudycasesinvolvingmedicalimageprocessing.Thefirst case study specifically describes one kind of medical Biometrics applied to mam- mography images. The same concept is then extended to security Biometrics par- ticularly on hidden Biometrics. viii Preface This book has been edited thanks to the efforts of a number of international researchers working in both Biometrics and Biomedical engineering fields. It is suitableforfinal-yearundergraduatestudents,postgraduatestudents,engineers,and researchers in the field of computer engineering, information technology, Biometrics, Biomedical engineering and applied digital signal and image processing. Vitry-sur-Seine, France Prof. Dr. Amine Nait-Ali Contents Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Martin Drahanský and Ondřej Kanich Iris Recognition in Cases of Eye Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Mateusz Trokielewicz, Adam Czajka and Piotr Maciejewicz Facial Rejuvenation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Elham Farazdaghi, F. Majidzadeh and Amine Nait-Ali Facial Ageing Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Farnaz Majid Zadeh Heravi, Elham Farazdaghi and Amine Nait-Ali Lifestyle Facial Ageing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Elham Farazdaghi, Farnaz Majid Zadeh Heravi and Amine Nait-Ali 3D Face Analysis for Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Guillaume Stern, Zehua Fu and Mohsen Ardabilian Facial Biometrics: From Security to Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . 161 Amine Nait-Ali Eye Movement Analysis in Biometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Chiara Galdi and Michele Nappi Biometric Legged Locomotion Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Rami Alkhatib, Mohamed Diab, Christophe Corbier and Mohamed El Badaoui Wearable Technologies in Biomedical and Biometric Applications. . . . . 211 Sherif Said, Samer Al Kork and Amine Nait-Ali ix