Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia Stephen D. Cairns Paper 1 in v,. : ", - Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Louis S. Kornicker, Editor American Geophysical Union ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC SCLERACTINIA STEPHEN D. CAIRNS BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Louis S. KORNICKER, Editor Published under the aegis of the Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series Charles R. Bentley, Chairman Robert H. Eather, David H. Elliot, Dennis E. Hayes Louis S. Kornicker, Heinz H. Lettau, and Bruce C. Parker Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data \ Cairns, Stephen. Antarctic and subantarctic Scleractinia. (Biology of the Antarctic seas ; 11, paper 1) (Antarctic research series ; v. 34) Bibliography: p. 1. Scleractinia. 2. Coelenterata—Antarctic regions. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: Antarctic research series ; v. 34. i QH95.58.B56 vol. 11, paper 1 [QL377.C7] 574.92'9s ISBN 0-87590-180-8 [593.6] 81-17537 AACR2 Copyright 1982 by the American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009 Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly -j cited; all other rights reserved. Published by the AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION With the aid Of grant DPP-8019997 from the National Science Foundation June 15, 1982 Printed in the United States of America Calanoid Copepods of the Genus Scaphocalanus From Antarctic and Subantarctic Waters Taisoo Park Paper 2 in Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Louis S. Kornicker, Editor American Geophysical Union CALANOID COPEPODS OF THE GENUS SCAPHOCALANUS FROM ANTARCTIC KND SUBANTARCTIC WATERS TAISOO PARK \ BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Loui&$. KORNICKER, Editor / Published under the aegis of the Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series Charles R. Bentley, Chairman - . Samuel C. Colbeck, Robert H. Eather, David H. Elliot, Dennis E. Hayes, Louis S, Kornicker, Heinz H. Lettau, and Bruce C. Parker ^ Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Park, Taisoo. r V i? ) Calanoid copepods of the genus Scaphocalanus from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. (Paper 2 in Biology of the Antarctic seas ; 11) (Antarctic research series ; v. 34) — 1. Scaphocalanus—Classification. 2. Crustacea— Classification. 3. Crustacea—Antarctic regions^— Classification. I. Title. II. Series: Biology of the Antarctic seas ; 11, paper 2. III. Series: Antarctic research series ; v. 34. QH95.58.B56 voL 11, paper 2 574.52'4& 82-8806 [QL444.C72] [595.3*4] AACR2 ISBN 0-87590-183-2 ISSN 0066-4634 . Copyright 1982 by the American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W ; Washington, D.C. 20009 7 Figures, tables and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited; all other rights reserved. Published by the AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION , With the aid of grant DPP-8019997 from the '/ National Science Foundation December 3, 1982 Printed in the United States of America Antarctic Chaetognatha: United States Antarctic Research Program Eltanin Cruises 8-28, Part 1 Angeles Alvarino, Stephen C. Hosmer, and Richard F. Ford Paper 3 in Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Louis S. Kornicker, Editor American Geophysical Union ANTARCTIC CHAETOGNATHA: UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAM ELTANIN CRUISES 8-28, PART 1 ANGELES ALVARI&O, STEPHEN C. HOSMER, AND RICHARD F. FORD BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI Antarctic Research Series Volume 34 Louis S. KORNICKER, Editor , Published under the aegis of the Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series ^ Charles R. Bentley, Chairman Samuel C. Colbeck, Robert H. Eather, David H. Elliot, Dennis E. Hayes, Louis S. Kornicker, Heinz H. Lettau, and Bruce C. Parker Copyright 1983 by the American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Forthcoming ISBN 87590-187-5 ISSN 0066-4634 Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited; all other rights reserved. Published by AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION With the aid of grant DPP-8217043 from the National Science Foundation June 17, 1983 Printed in the United States of America Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI Antarctic Research Series, Volume 34, Paper 1, Pages 1-74 ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC SCLERACTINIA Stephen D. Cairns Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560 Abstract. The 37 species of Stleractinia known Material and Methods from the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions are described, mapped, and illustrated, including the This study is based on the examination of ap­ description of 6 new species. Two more species, proximately 8700 specimens collected throughout one of them new, from waters closely adjacent to the Antarctic, Subantarctic, and adjacent waters the Subantarctic regions are also considered, as and includes new material from 482 lots collected well as 4 previously published records of Sclerac­ at 310 stations. Most of the specimens were col­ tinia of uncertain identity. A chronological, lected by the vessels participating in the United annotated list of all papers dealing with Antarctic States Antarctic Research Program (USNS Eltanin, Scleractinia is provided. A zoogeographic analysis now the ARA Islas Orcadas, and R/V Hero) and those describes common patterns of species distributions, participating in Operation Deep Freeze III and and the faunas of various geographic areas are IV. These specimens, as well as those from other^ discussed. Scleractinia from South Pacific sea- vessels (e.g., USCGC Eastwind, USFCS Albatross, and mounts, some of which may form deepwater coral R/V Anton Bruun), are deposited at the United banks, are particularly noted. States National Museum. Other collections examined include specimens collected by the R/V Vema (depos­ ited at the American Museum of Natural History), specimens collected by the Walther Herwig (depos­ Introduction ited at the Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg), and a small collection of USNS This paper reviews the 37 species of Scleractinia Eltanin corals deposited at the Museum of Compara­ known from the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions, tive Zoology, Harvard, Cambridge. as well as 4 records of uncertain identity from Previously reported specimens from the following these regions, and 2 more species from areas museums were examined: British Museum, London; closely adjacent to the Subantarctic region. De­ Muse*um National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Museum spite 28 papers dealing exclusively or partially fur Naturkunde an der Humboldt-Universitat Berlin; with Antarctic Scleractinia (Table 1), only about Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 1200 specimens have been reported previously from Brussels; the Australian Museum, Sydney; the South 114- localities. The material upon which this study Australian Museum, Adelaide; Museum of Comparative is based (primarily United States Antarctic Re­ Zoology, Harvard, Cambridge; American Museum of search Program vessels, Deep Freeze vessels, and Natural History, New York; and the United States the R/V Vema) includes over 7 times the number of National Museum, Washington, D. C. Eguchi's [1965] specimens and almost 3 times the number of locali­ specimens could not be found at the National In­ ties reported in all the previous papers. stitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, or the Tokyo Squires [1969] published a preliminary synthesis Kasei University. of the distribution of Antarctic Scleractinia but Synonymies are complete unless otherwise indi­ never did write his intended Antarctic monograph, cated. thereby leaving many questions unanswered. Al­ In the sections on material the numbers in pa­ though his paper is valuable as a preliminary note, rentheses indicate the number of specimens in each it includes numerous undocumented range extensions lot. The number of specimens is not indicated for (all of his mapped records are undocumented), un­ colonial species. Following this information, or explained statements about complex groups of the station number for colonial species, is an species, omissions of previous records, and refer­ indication of where the specimen is deposited. If ence to an undescribed new species. Most, if not the vessel's cruise number is included, it precedes all, of Squires's [1969] specimens are deposited at the station number and is linked to it with a hy­ the United States National Museum, Washington, D. phen. C, and at the American Museum of Natural His­ Most of the holotypes and paratypes of the new tory, New York. This material, along with subse­ species are deposited at the United States National quently collected United States Antarctic Research Museum; the remainder are at the British Museum. Program specimens and an examination of most of A confirmed depth range is used to avoid erro­ the previously reported specimens, has allowed a neous end points resulting from bathymetrieally documentation, and sometimes a correction, of wide-ranging trawls. The stated bathymetric range Squires's synthesis, a reevaluation of the system- for each species extends from the deepest shallow atics of the fauna, and a more meaningful zoogeo­ to the shallowest deep component of the trawled graphic analysis of the fauna. depth ranges [see Cairns, 1979, p. 10]. Copyright 1982 by the American Geophysical Union. 1 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI TABLE 1. Chronological Listing of Research on Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia Vessel and/or Reference Expedition Remarks Milne Edwards and Du Petit-Thouars, 3 Specimens of Flabellum thouarsii Haime [1848] Venus from off Falkland Islands; deposited at MNHNP. Moseley [1876] HMS Challenger Preliminary report on Challenger Scleractinia, including records of 3 species from off Tristan da Cunha Group and Prince Edward Islands; deposited at BM. Studer [1878] SMS Gazelle 2 specimens of Flabellum thouarsii reported from off southern Argentina; specimens deposited at Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Moseley [1881] HMS Challenger Final report on Challenger Scleractinia, including 10 species (5 of them new) from various Subantarctic localities, including off eastern and western southern South America, off Tristan da Cunha Group, and off Prince Edward Islands; deposited at BM. von Marenzeller SY Belgica, 5 specimens of 2 species from 3 [1903] Expedition Antarctique stations off Peter I Island, Beige (1897-1899) Antarctica; deposited at Institut Royal des Sciences Nature.lles de Belgique, Brussels. von Marenzeller Valdivia, Deutsche 2 specimens of C. antarctica from 1 [1904a] Tiefsee-Expedition station off Bouvet^ya; deposited (1898-1899) at Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Gauss, Deutsche 7 specimens of 3 species from 5 Pax [1910] Sudpolar-Expedition stations off Gaussland, Antarctica; (1901-1903) histology of Flabellum impensum. Scotia, Scottish 3 specimens of Caryophyllia profunda Gardiner [1913] National Antarctic from 1 station off Gough Island. Expedition (1902-1904) Pourquoi-Pas? 3 specimens of DesmophyHum Gravier [1914a] Deuxieme Expedition antarcticum ( < Javania antarctica) Antarctique Franqaise from 2 stations off Palmer (1908-1910) Archipelago; deposited at MNHNP. Gravier [1914b] Pourquoi-Pas? 13 specimens of 4 species from 3 Deuxieme Expedition stations off Antarctic Peninsula; Antarctique Franchise deposited at MNHNP. (1908-1910) David and Priestley Nimrod British Fossil Gardineria antarctica from [1914] Antarctic Expedition Mount Larsen; deposited at the (1907-1909) Australian Museum, Sydney. Gardiner [1929a] Terra Nova, British 19 specimens of 3 species from 4 Antarctic Expedition stations in Ross Sea; deposited at (1910) BM. Thomson and Rennet Aurora 7+ specimens of 3 species from 2 [1931] Australasian stations off Queen Mary Coast, Antarctic Expedition Antarctica. Another 2 scleractinian (1911-1914) species from off Maria Island, Tas­ mania; all but F. australe are mis- identified; deposited at the Aus­ tralian Museum, Sydney. Gardiner [1939] RRS Discovery, RSS 280 specimens of 12 nominal species William Scoresby from 33 stations off southern (1926-1933) South America and Antarctic Peninsula; 9 of 12 species reas­ signed; deposited at BM. Niino [1958] Umitaka-Maru, JARE 4 specimens of 4 species from 2 stations off Riiser-Larsen Peninsula (Cape Cook), Antarctica; all species misidentified; deposition unknown. CAIRNS: ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC SCLERACTINIA TABLE 1. (continued) Vessel and/or Reference Expedition Remarks Wells [1958] Discovery, BANZARE 97 specimens of 5 species from 10 (1929-1931) stations off coast of Antarctica between 40° and 80°E and 110° and 120°E; 3 of 5 species reassigned; deposited at the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Squires [1961] R/V Vema (cruise 14) 92 specimens of 4 species (including 2 new species) from 6 stations off the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego; desposited at AMNH. Speden [1962] Review of fossil records of Gardineria antarctica on Antarctic continent. Squires [1962b] HMNZS Endeavour 242 specimens of 5 species (including (1958-1960) 2 new species) from 13 stations in the Ross Sea; reviews distribution of all Antarctic Scleractinia; presumably deposited at NZOI. Squires [1963a] United States 2 fossilized specimens of 2 species Exploring Expedition collected at Tierra del Fuego; (1838-1842) deposited at MCZ. Squires [1964c] Discussion of research potential of Antarctic Scleractinia; no specimens reported. Squires [1965b] HMNZS Endeavour Specimens of 3 species from 1 station (Macquarie Gap east of the Auckland Islands; Cruise) deposited at NZOI and USNM. Eguchi [1965] Umitaka-Maru and 9 specimens of 9 nominal species Soya, JARE (including 2 new species) from 6 stations off Riiser-Larsen Peninsula (Cape Cook), Antarctica; specimens overlap with those of Niino [1958]; less than half of species correctly identified; deposition unknown. Bullivant [1967] HMNZS Endeavour Description of Gardineria antarctica assemblage in Ross Sea; specimens previously reported by Squires [1962b], Squires [1969] Reviews distribution of all Antarctic Scleractinia; provides distri­ bution maps for 23 species; includes new records but does not document them (presumably based on USARP and NZOI specimens); deposited at USNM and probably NZOI. Keller [1974] D/E Ob, Academic 357 specimens of 2 species from 3 Kurchatov stations from off southeastern South America and Falkland Islands; F. antarcticum misidentified;\deposition unknown. Podoff [1976] miscellaneous Examination of microstructure by SEM of 6 Antarctic species; unpublished M. A. thesis; deposited at USNM. Sorauf and Podoff miscellaneous Examination of microstructure of 3 [1977] Antarctic species; deposited at USNM. Present study USNS Eltanin; ARA 8700 specimens of 39 species Islas Orcadas; R/V (including 7 new species) from 310 Hero (USARP program); stations throughout Antarctic and USS Atka; USS Burton Sub-antarctic; primarily deposited Island; USS Staten at USNM, also at AMNH and MCZ. Island; USS Edisto (Deep Freeze expeditions); HMNZS Endeavour, Rotoiti, Viti (NZOI vessels); R/V Vema, Walther Herwig; USCGC East- wind, cruise 66 4 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI Some specimens have been coated with dark dye and Family MICRABACIIDAE Vaughan, 1905 recoated with a fine layer of ammonium chloride in Leptopenus Moseley, 1881 order to improve their contrast for photography. These specimens are noted in the plate legends. L. sp. cf. L. discus Moseley, 1881 The following abbreviations are used in the text: Suborder FAVIINA Vaughan and Wells, 1943 Vessels Superfamily FAVIICAE Gregory, 1900 EAD USCGC Eastwind. Family RHIZANGIIDAE d'Orbigny, 1851 EW USCGC Eastwind, cruise 66. Astrangia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 GLD USS Glacier, Deep Freeze IV Expedition. A. rathbuni Vaughan, 1906 NZOI collected by the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Phyllangia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 including the HMNZS Endeavour, Rotoiti, and Viti. P. fuegoensis Squires, 1963 PD pebble dredge (used in conjunction with some R/V Family OCULINIDAE Gray, 1847 Vema stations). Bathelia Moseley, 1881 USARP United States Antarctic Research Program. B. Candida Moseley, 1881 WH Walther Herwig. WS RSS William Scoresby. Madrepora Linnaeus, 1758 Museums M. oculata Linnaeus, 1758 AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York. Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA Vaughan and Wells, 1943 BM British Museum (Natural Superfamily CARYOPHYLLIICAE Gray, 1847 History), London. Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Gray, 1847 MCZ Museum of Comparative Subfamily CARYOPHYLLIINAE Gray, 1847 Zoology, Harvard, Cambridge, Caryophyllia Lamarck, 1801 NMNH see USNM. MNHNP Museum National d'Histoire £. antarctica Marenzeller, 1904 Naturelle, Paris. C. squiresi n. sp. NZOI New Zealand Oceanographic JC. profunda Moseley, 1881 Institute, Wellington. C, eltaninae n. sp. SME Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille (most of these C. mabahithi Gardiner and Waugh, 1938 specimens will be deposited at the Museum National Cyathoceras Moseley, 1881 d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris). USNM United States National C. irregularis n. sp. Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Aulocyathus Marenzeller, 1904 D. C. ZIZM Zoologisches Institut und A. recidivus (Dennant, 1906) n. comb. Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg. Subfamily TURBINOLIINAE Milne Edwards ZMA Zoologische Museum, Amsterdam. and Haime, 1848 Other Sphenotrochus Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 GCD greater calicular diameter, LCD lesser calicular diameter, gardineri Squires, 1961 CD calicular diameter, PD pedicel diameter, Subfamily DESMOPHYLLIINAE Vaughan and Wells, 1943 H height. Desmophyllum Ehrenberg, 1834 S , C , P , CS septa, costae, pali, or x' x» x» x costosepta of cycle D. cristagalli Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 designated by numerical forma cristagalli Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 subscript• forma ingens Moseley, 1881 SEM scanning electron microscopy. forma capense Gardiner, 1904 Checklist of Species Known From the Lophelia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 Antarctic and Subantarctic Regions L. prolifera (Pallas, 1766) Subfamily PARASMILIINAE Vaughan and Wells, 1943 Order SCLERACTINIA Bourne, 1900 Solenosmilia Duncan, 1873 Suborder FUNGIINA Verrill, 1865 Family FUNGIIDAE Dana, 1846 j3. variabil is Duncan, 1873 Fungiacyathus Sars, 1872 Goniocorella Yabe and Eguchi, 1932 F. marenzelleri (Vaughan, 1906) £• fragilis G. 0. Sars, 1872 G. dumosa (Alcock, 1902)