Biological Trace Element Research 1 g 00 orw acs.45.f http://pubs.bk-1991-04 1, 2012 | 10.1021/ August 1 | doi: n 99 o1 4.136 er 26, 3b 3.m 6e 1c 89.De d by Date: den nloaatio Dowublic P In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. 1 g 00 orw acs.45.f http://pubs.bk-1991-04 1, 2012 | 10.1021/ August 1 | doi: n 99 o1 4.136 er 26, 3b 3.m 6e 1c 89.De d by Date: den nloaatio Dowublic P In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 445 Biological Trace Element Research Multidisciplinary Perspectives K.S. Subramanian, EDITOR 1 g 00 Health & Welfare, Canada orw acs.45.f G.V. Iyengar, EDITOR http://pubs.bk-1991-04 National InstiKtu. tOe koaf mStoatno,d EaDrIdTOs Ra nd Technology, U.S. 1, 2012 | 10.1021/ National Institute of Environmental Studies, Japan August 1 | doi: n 99 o1 4.136 er 26, Dbeyv tehloep Iendte frrnoamtio an asyl mCphoemsiuicmal sCpoonngsorreessd 3b 3.m 16ce of Pacific Basin Societies, 89.De ded by n Date: DeHceomnobleurlu 1,7 H-2a2w,a 1ii9, 89 nloaatio Dowublic P American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1991 In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biological trace element research: multidisciplinary perspectives/ K. S. Subramanian, editor G. V. Iyengar, editor K. Okamoto, editor Developed from a symposium sponsored by the International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, Honolulu, Hawaii, December 17-22, 1989. p. cm.—(ACS Symposium Series, 0097-6156; 445). Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1 ISBN 0-8412-1888-9 g 00 1. Trace elements—Research—Methodology—Congresses. orw acs.45.f I. Subramanian, K. S., 1944- . II. Iyengar, G. V. (Govindaraja V.) http://pubs.bk-1991-04 6BQII1aIP2.s5 'i.On30 41kS.5aBo2mc54i6o—e3ttoi de,cs K1 2(901e9 9n18s a9k: uH. oInVol.u Ilnut,e Hrnaawtiaoini)a l9 VC0.- hS2e0emr7ii7ecs2a l Congress of Pacific 1, 2012 | 10.1021/ CIP August 1 | doi: TSthaen dpaarpde rf our sIendf oirnm tahtiiso np uSbcliiecnacteios—n mPeeremtsa nthenec em oinf iPmaupmer rfeoqru Pirreimnteendt sL iobfr aArym Meraictearni aNls,a tAioNnSaIl n 99 Z39.48-1984. o1 4.136 er 26, Copyright © 1991 3b 3.m American Chemical Society 6e 1c 89.De All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each d by Date: cchhaapptteerr imn atyh isb ev omluamdee ifnodri cpaeterss otnhael coorp yirnigtehrtn oawl nuesre' s ocro nfsoern tt hteh apt errespornoaglr aoprh iicn tceorpniaels uosfe thoef den specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated DownloaPublicatio 0Tepl1eher9ic-s7tc r0oo,cp nofyionc rs—f eecnefo to ptrhy driooanneugsyg b he onytotohhtne ed re Ctxhopteapuntyr dprp ioegsrthemot, iCtcstleuoedcpa hyrba innyagc sSe e oCcfrot eiron tnrtgaesner ,1ns m0eIn7riac sol.s ,ri o d21ni70s t8Cbr iyoob fnu gattihnroeeyns s,U mS.fSoet.rra e nCesat—od, pvSgyearrrailtgiepsmhhinti, cg L MaoowArr . promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. ACS Symposium Series M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor 1991 ACS Books Advisory Board V. Dean Adams Bonnie Lawlor g 001 Tennessee Technological Institute for Scientific Information acs.or45.fw University John L. Massingill http://pubs.bk-1991-04 PMaeuRrclek sS eS.a hrAcarhnp dL &earb soDoroanht omriee s DRoowb eCrht emMiccaGl oCrorminp any 1, 2012 | 10.1021/ Alexis T. Bell Kraft General Foods August 1 | doi: University of California—Berkeley JPulalnitu sS cJi.e nMceesn Inn stitute, n 99 Malcolm H. Chisholm U.S. Department of Agriculture o1 4.136 er 26, Indiana University Marshall Phillips 3b 3.m Natalie Foster Office of Agricultural Biotechnology, 6e 1c 89.De Lehigh University U.S. Department of Agriculture ded by n Date: Dennis W. Hess Daniel M. Quinn nloaatio University of California—Berkeley University of Iowa Dowublic P Mary A. Kaiser A. Truman Schwartz E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Macalaster College Company Stephen A. Szabo Gretchen S. Kohl Conoco Inc. Dow-Corning Corporation Robert A. Weiss Michael R. Ladisch University of Connecticut Purdue University In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. Foreword THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the papers are not typeset, but are reproduced as they are submit 1 g 00 ted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed 1, 2012 | http://pubs.acs.or10.1021/bk-1991-0445.fw AbusHpyneadomcpdvwaeepiuserroovs ss rteeiahya rr e,.s Be y soBnmvuaoeopprrttdeo bhr asa avicrtaniceis mevdiopim e antwear rdeysoe . fps a eertnmlhoeddecb utrreeecaddptcii oeotto rontr bsssm o otwaofhi fin tr htetays pietpnrhaee retsvch ihaoeo sufaiss nirlstyepte arganerpcsiccteueyenb p toolatiffast hibttoehhlnedee,. August 1 | doi: n 99 o1 4.136 er 26, 3b 3.m 6e 1c 89.De d by Date: den nloaatio Dowublic P In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. Preface CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AS ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENTS sustain life processes, but they can also be toxic components that hinder normal metabolic events. The study of these roles has generated a large body of analytical data. However, as many of us have now realized, a significant portion of the existing analytical results is of questionable value and in 1 g 00 some cases is totally worthless. Fortunately, careful research has identi orpr ubs.acs.1-0445. fcioendt asomminea otifo nth oef stohuer cseasm opfl easn aanlydt iicmalp errorpoerrs ,u essep oefc iaanllayl ytthicoasle taercihsniniqgu ferso.m p9 Many laboratories have recognized the indispensable role of reference http://bk-19 materials as quality markers of analytical results. Through the use of 2 | 21/ reference materials and good laboratory practices, these laboratories have 0110 been trying to improve their analytical performance. These measures, August 1, 21 | doi: 10. woimfhfpeicrrheod va eodmndelrnye ts asie ndp ta hrtheti eaq l uprarelomitbyel edomyf tthpoer etahdneoa mloyivnteiacrnaaltl llry es siatutul tat thrioeeqn u.p iorAset dsac romemcpoplgirnnegiht eisontnas igvoeef, on 199 not only the analytical component, but also the biological component 4.136 er 26, (especially presampling factors). 3b A well-planned biological trace element study requires total quality 3.m y 89.16e: Dece cicoanl traonl,d i nacnluadlyintigca elx pienrtiemgreintyta),l dcehseigmni,c acol llaenctailoynsi so, f vdaaltiad seavmalpuleast io(nb,i olaongd d bDat interpretation. In other words, we need a multidisciplinary approach. den Dr. Iyengar has cogently handled this part in Chapter 1 by cautioning, ao ownloblicati b"Tiohleo gliacackl troaf cae emleumlteidnits criepsleinaarrcyh .a,, pproach has been the Achilles heel of Du P Both analysts and life scientists recognize that the key to the develop ment of a reliable data base for the elemental content and speciation of biological systems lies in an interdisciplinary strategy involving: (1) an understanding of the biological basis of the problem, (2) developments in bioanalytical concepts, (3) a controlled-environment approach for meta bolic studies, (4) preparation of well-defined protocols, (5) procurement of valid samples, (6) use of appropriate analytical techniques and pro cedures, and (7) analytical quality assurance. In the symposium upon which this book is based, we sought to address these concerns by bringing together experts from the fields of analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, biostatistics, medicine, and nutrition. The speakers came from Asia, Canada, Europe, and the United States. Although our intention was to achieve a comprehensive multidisciplinary In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. gathering, we feel that we made only a modest beginning. However, the mix of review papers, original research manuscripts, and reports of new work presented in this book best reflect the current state of the subject. The opportunity to publish such diverse material in a single place is par ticularly welcome, for much would have been lost if the information presented here had been broken into sections appropriate for specialized journals. The interdisciplinary nature of this book should make it valu able to scientists and clinicians in the areas of analytical chemistry, biochemistry, clinical chemistry, medicine, and nutrition. Much remains to be done. The multidisciplinary approach to solving biological trace element problems is exciting as well as challenging. We hope that the readers will find this book interesting and useful in their many and varied quests involving trace element analytical chemistry of biological systems. 1 g 00 orpr K. S. SUBRAMANIAN ubs.acs.1-0445. EHnevailrtho n&m eWntealfl aHree aClathn aCdean tre p9 http://bk-19 Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada 2 | 21/ 10 August 1, 201 | doi: 10.1 NGC.ae ntVit.o enIrYa fElo NIrn GAsAtnitRaul yteti coafl SCtahnedmairsdtrsy a nd Technology n 99 Gaithersburg, MD 20899 o1 4.136 er 26, KN.a tOioKnAalM IOnTstOitu te for Environmental Studies 3b 63.em Environmental Agency of Japan 9.1Dec Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan y 8e: d bDat den ao ownloblicati August 29, 1990 Du P xii In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991. Chapter 1 The Need for Multidisciplinary Approaches in Biological Trace Element Research G. V. Iyengar National Institute of Standards and Technology, Reactor Building 235, B125, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 1 g 00 ubs.acs.or1-0445.ch Ba iomlouglitcidali scTirpalcien aErleym secnite nRcees eaarncdh d(BiTrEeRct) inigs p9 http://bk-19 croemsebairncahti on ino f btohtihs bifoileolgdi calr eiqnusiigrhest anad 2 | 21/ analytical awareness. Quite frequently, the 0110 complexities involved here necessitate the on August 1, 21991 | doi: 10. mutasep seceee hcctnoiionafim gql uabd eitnvsih.faa eftr iiicoeFnurtoy elr tq iuooeifsfer xesamccmsaieenpenv nlteesbt,r ieaf iloc vsf o imstauaaena l ealino"lzytftes otd it acatnhialn"dle 4.136 er 26, BqTuEaRli ty icnovnetrsotli gian tithoen . overTahlle sce onteixntc louf dae 3.3mb experimental design, collection of 16ce biologically and analytically "valid" d by 89.Date: De aasnandma plyalet sipc, raolt phmeer e aaesbuvriaellimutyaen tittoso n ocnoa fr trhyto hseoe u ta snpaaecclciymutrieacntasel, adeon data (including data interpretation) . ownloblicati Tenhseurreifnorge , thite forlelqowuisr edth amt ual ttiedaimsc iapplpirnoaarcyh DPu interactions is a crucial component in any BTER endeavor. "The lack of a multidisciplinary approach has been the Achilles heel of biological trace element research" (1). Although a large body of data exists for most trace elements in biological media, in many cases they are of limited use because of inherent inaccuracies (1,2). This has generated a lot of skepticism among biological trace element researchers. Primarily, the variations in analytical findings that still are prevalent can be linked to several pitfalls that have failed to receive adequate attention by trace element investigators. Therefore, first O097-6156/91/0445-O001$06.00/0 © 1991 American Chemical Society In Biological Trace Element Research; Subramanian, K., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.