Biological Psychology | | lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd i 11/23/16 03:40 PM lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd ii 11/23/16 03:40 PM Biological Psychology Kelly G. Lambert New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd iii 11/23/16 03:40 PM Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © 2018 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lambert, Kelly. Title: Biological psychology / Kelly G. Lambert. Description: New York : Oxford University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016046060 (print) | LCCN 2016047113 (ebook) | ISBN 9780199766109 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780190654498 (loosleaf) | ISBN 9780190650322 (ebook) Subjects:  LCSH: Psychobiology—Textbooks. Classification: LCC QP360 .L357 2018 (print) | LCC QP360 (ebook) | DDC 612.8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046060 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd iv 11/23/16 03:40 PM Brief Contents Preface xviii PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT 1 Introduction to Biological Psychology 3 PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS 2 The Nervous System: Structure and Function 31 3 Cells and Circuits 63 4 Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction 89 5 Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function 121 PART III: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS 6 Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation 151 7 Movement 187 8 Maintenance and Motivation 217 9 Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness 249 PART IV: NEUROBIOLOGY IN ACTION 10 Emotional Expression and Regulation 281 11 Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies 309 12 Learning, Memory, and Decision Making 339 13 Mental Illness 373 Epilogue: Expanding the Contextual Boundaries of Biopsychology 405 Appendix: Major Research Methods in This Text 415 Glossary 417 References 437 Credits 479 Name Index 484 Subject Index 496 lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd v 11/23/16 03:40 PM Contents Preface xviii PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT 1 Introduction to Biological Psychology 3 Brain Scene Investigation: Establishing Relevant Biopsychological Context 4 Darwin’s Observations and the Importance of Variations in Environmental Contexts 4 Explorations of Environmental Context in the Laboratory and Beyond 7 The Context Conundrum 8 The Importance of Context in Biopsychological Research 10 Environmental Context 10 EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 10 INTERNAL CONDITIONS 11 Experiential Context 12 PAST EVENTS 12 FUTURE AND ANTICIPATED EVENTS 12 Pioneers in Brain Research 13 The Genetics Story: From Gemmules to Genomes 15 The Components of Heredity 15 From Genes to Behavior 18 The Tools of Biological Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Methods 20 Human Research Methods 20 Case Studies 21 Experimental Studies 21 Electroencephalography 21 Neuroimaging 23 Animal Research Methods 24 Lesion Methods and Brain-Stimulation Techniques 25 Genetic Engineering 26 Behavioral Tests 26 Field Research 27 Evaluation of Research Outcomes 27 vi lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd vi 11/23/16 03:40 PM Contents vii Conclusion 28 Key Terms 28 Review Questions 29 Critical-Thinking Questions 29 PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS 2 The Nervous System: Structure and Function 31 Brain Scene Investigation: David Blaine’s Breath-Defying Act 31 The Building Blocks of the Nervous System 33 Neurons 33 Glial Cells 36 Divisions of Labor in the Nervous System 37 Evolutionary Considerations 38 The Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System 38 Further Divisions of the PNS 39 CONTEXT MATTERS: Friends, Marathons, and New Neurons 44 The Brain’s Geography 46 The Hindbrain (Myelencephalon and Metencephalon) 46 The Midbrain (Mesencephalon) 48 The Forebrain (Diencephalon and Telencephalon) 49 Diencephalon 49 Telencephalon: Subcortical Systems (Basal Ganglia and Limbic System) 50 Telencephalon: The Cerebral Cortex 51 Taking Sides: Brain Lateralization 53 CNS Security Systems 55 Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System 55 Internal and External Surveillance Systems 55 The Stress Response 56 The Immune System 56 LABORATORY EXPLORATION: The Brain in Technicolor 59 Conclusion 60 Key Terms 60 Review Questions 61 Critical-Thinking Questions 61 lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd vii 11/23/16 03:40 PM viii Contents 3 Cells and Circuits 63 Brain Scene Investigation: Intuition, Hunches, and Self-Awareness: Potential Role of von Economo Neurons? 63 Neurons: Structure and Function 65 The Neuron’s Microstructure 65 CONTEXT MATTERS: Social Distress and Neuronal Connections 67 The Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential 69 The Action Potential 70 Synaptic Transmission 73 Neurons and Glial Cells: Collaborations 77 Lessons from Epilepsy: Neural Transmission in Review 78 Potential Mechanisms of Changes in Neural Excitability 78 Potential Mechanisms of Synchronization 78 Research with Animal Models 79 Treatment of Epilepsy 79 Mirror Neurons, Specialized Neural Circuits, and Investigations into Autism Spectrum Disorder 79 LABORATORY EXPLORATION: Altering Brain Functioning with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 84 Conclusion 85 Key Terms 86 Review Questions 87 Critical-Thinking Questions 87 4 Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction 89 Brain Scene Investigation: Methamphetamine “Tweaks” the Brain 89 Neurotransmitters: A Brief Introduction 91 Monoamine Neurotransmitters 91 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters 92 Peptide Neurotransmitters 93 Other Neurotransmitters 93 Overview of Neuro psychopharmacology 94 Major Goals of Neuropsycho pharmacological Research 95 Development of New Drugs for Specific Symptoms: A Thought Experiment 96 Psychoactive Drugs: Precursors to Drug Addiction 98 CNS Stimulants 98 Caffeine 98 Nicotine 99 lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd viii 11/23/16 03:40 PM Contents ix Cocaine 101 Amphetamine and MDMA 102 CNS Depressants: Alcohol 102 Analgesics: Opium 104 Hallucinogens: LSD 105 A Drug with Diverse CNS Effects: Cannabis 106 Drug Addiction 108 Stages of the Addiction Cycle 109 Binge/Intoxication Stage 110 Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage 111 Preoccupation/Anticipation (Craving) Stage 112 CONTEXT MATTERS: Treating Cocaine Addiction with Environmental Enrichment 113 Addiction Therapies 115 LABORATORY EXPLORATION: A Nicotine Vaccine? 116 Conclusion 117 Key Terms 118 Review Questions 118 Critical-Thinking Questions 119 5 Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function 121 Brain Scene Investigation: Traumatic Brain Injury and an Unlikely Neurochemical Intervention 121 Building Brains 123 Recurring Evolutionary Themes 123 The Importance of Play Behavior in Developing Brains 124 Is the Human Brain Unique? 126 Epigenetics: How Lifestyles Influence Inheritance 130 Neural Development 132 A Brain Is Born: Neuroplasticity in Action 132 Fundamentals of Neurogenesis 135 The Human Adolescent Brain 136 The Aging Brain 138 CONTEXT MATTERS: Aging: Is It in Our Blood? 142 Recovering from Brain Injury 143 Damage Control in Injured Brains 143 A Case to Consider: Repetitive Head Injuries in Athletes 145 LABORATORY EXPLORATION: Behavioral Profiling and Genetic Engineering: In Search of Animal Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder 147 lam6610X_fm_i-1.indd ix 11/23/16 03:40 PM