Biographies of Phasmatologists - 9. Morgan Hebard. P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K. Email: [email protected] Abstract Morgan Hebard (1887-1946) came from a very wealthy American family and was able to devote his life to the study ofOrthoptera. Hebuiltup ahugecollection oforthopteroidinsects attheAcademy ofNatural Sciences of Philadelphia. He described over 800 new species of orthopteroids; this included 44 new species, and ten new generaofphasmids. His life andphasmidworkis outlined. Keywords Phasmida, Phasmatologist, MorganHebard,Biography, Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia. Morgan Hebard (1887-1946) Morgan Hebard was born on 23rd February 1887 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. His forename came from his maternal grandfather, David Morgan, a Welshman who emigrated to the USA as a young man and made his fortune in the iron and steel industry. His father, Charles Samuel Hebard, came from a wealthy, well- connected American family and had a Congressman as a grandfather; the family fortune was grounded in the lumber trade. His early interest in entomology was Lepidoptera, an interest that developed as he encountered different species in various parts of the country. The family had their main home in Philadelphia, but also had a winter home in Georgia, and a summer home in Michigan; in addition they spent several weeks per year in Florida. He was privately tutored until the age of 17 when he went to Asheville School in North Carolina, followed by Yale University from where he graduated in 1910. He first met James Abram Garfield Rehn in 1903 when he was identifying some ofhis Lepidoptera at Philadelphia Museum; at the time Rehn was a student working on Orthoptera in the museum. Encouraged by Rehn, Hebard developed an interest in Orthoptera (including cockroaches, mantids, and phasmids) and Dermaptera and they wrote their firstjoint paper on & Orthoptera that they found in Georgia and Florida (Rehn Hebard, 1905). After graduating from Yale, Hebard worked in the banking industry for a year; thereafter he devoted his time to entomology. Hebard and Rehn had a long-term aim of producing a monograph of North American Orthoptera. To this end Hebard financed fifteen years offield trips lasting from six weeks to three months for himselfand Rehn, they amassed over 100,000 specimens of Orthoptera. In addition they made trips to Jamaica, Panama and Colombia; Hebard also visited Cuba and the Bahamas, and in his University vacations he had twice visited Europe. From the outset Hebard was developing the Hebard Collection, which was maintained in the Philadelphia Museum and was formally transferred to the museum in 1945. To supplement his own collecting Hebard purchased collections ofmaterial from many parts of the world, particularly Central and South America, and one particularly large collection from the Philippines. At Yale Hebard was in the shotgun team, and was also said to be a good shot with both rifle and revolver. In 1913 Hebard married Margaret Claxton and they had two sons and a daughter. In the First World War he became a lieutenant in the Signal Corps and later PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 51 P.E. Bragg transferred to Military Intelligence, all his time in the army was served in the USA. In his 40s Hebard developed severe arthritis that restricted his movement and limited his entomological work. He was Curator of Insects at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for several years but did not accept any payment for the post. Hebard wrote 197 papers on Orthoptera and Dermaptera, either on his own or with Rehn. The publications listed at the end of this biography are restricted to papers that deal PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 52 — Biographies ofPhasmatologists 9. MorganHebard with phasmids or are specifically mentioned for other reasons; some publications that only record known species from a new area have been omitted. Hebard was particularly interested in cockroaches, but also did work on other orthopteroids from many parts of the world. The Hebard Collection of Orthoptera grew to about 250,000 specimens by the time he formally transferred it to the Academy of Natural Sciences ofPhiladelphia in 1945. It filled 2400 cabinet drawers and included over 3000 type specimens of species he had either described, or purchased from other collections, or exchanged. Morgan Hebard died at the age of 59 in Philadelphia from a heart attack on 28th December 1946. An extensive obituary was published by his friend and colleague J.A.G. Rehn (1948). Genera and species named after Hebard Morgan Hebard was involved in the descriptions ofabout 800 species oforthopteroids, so it is not surprising that 40 orthopteroid species have been named after him; but only one is a phasmid. The following list gives an idea ofthe scope ofthese names. Phasmid: Ilocano hebardi Rehn & Rehn, 1938. & Mantids: Three species, and two genera: Hebardia Werner, 1921 Hebardiella Werner, 1924. Cockroaches: Eight species, and four genera: Hebardina Bei-Bienko, 1938, Hebardula Uvarov, 1939, Euhebardula Princis, 1953 (a replacement name for Hebardula Princis, 1950). Orthoptera: 28 species, three genera: Hebardacris Rehn, 1952, Hebardiniella Chopard, 1932, (emendation ofHebardinella Chopard, 1932), Hebarditettix Gunther, 1938. Phasmid work Hebard described 44 new species on his own and nine as co-author with J.A.G. Rehn. He described six new genera on his own and four as co-author with Rehn. Although he worked on Orthoptera from many parts ofthe world, all his new species ofphasmids are from North, Central, or South America. & In his first paper to deal with phasmids Hebard was highly critical ofBrunner (1907) Redtenbacher’s (1906 & 1908) work: “It is indeed deplorable that, with so many species before them, these authors have made virtually no effort to study and discuss these problems in a scholarly and scientific manner” (Hebard, 1919: 158); “As a whole, we can definitely state that the Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden is the greatest retrograde step made in recent years, away from true scientific study ofthe order Orthoptera” (Hebard, 1919: 159). He later remarks “It did not seem possible that so pretentious a work could actually be so , carelessly executed, superficial and unsatisfactory” (Hebard, 1919: 162). PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 53 ) ) ) . P.E. Bragg & Hebard also criticises the scarcity of illustrations in Brunner Redtenbacher’s monograph. All but two of the new species described by Hebard were illustrated (the exceptions: Dyme carrikeri Hebard, 1919 and Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, 1932). However, many of Hebard’s illustrations consist of only one view of the apex ofthe abdomen; as such, they are useful for distinguishing species, but only when one has already decided to which genus the specimen belongs. For Isogoras chocoensis Hebard, 1921 the only illustration is a single fore-wing (fig 5). His illustrations were usually printed with the size indicated in the & caption e.g. “life size”, or “3x” etc. (figs 3 4), or occasionally “much enlarged” (fig 7). Where I have reproduced examples of Figure 5. Isogoras chocoensis his illustrations in this paper I have added scale lines to those Hebard, 1921 for which he gave a precise magnification. Hebard’s work is a significant and valuable contribution to our knowledge ofNew World phasmids. Lists of genera, species and subspecies described by Hebard New genera (in alphabetical order) Acanthometriotes Hebard, 1924: 139. & Aploploides Rehn Hebard, 1938: 49. Brachyelena Hebard, 1933a: 31. & Ceratites Rehn Hebard, 1909: 126. Holcoides Hebard, 1919: 148. Libethroidea Hebard, 1919: 170. Litosermyle Hebard, 1919: 171. Manomera Rehn & Hebard, 1907: 283. Pseudoceroys Hebard, 1922b: 354. & Rhabdoceratites Rehn Hebard, 1912a: 232. New species described by Hebard alone Hebard, 1919 apolinari (Bacteria) 161, pi. 19.10, 19.11. atrata (Anisomorpha 145, pi. 20.6. & carrikeri (Acanthoclonia) 143, pi. 20.4 20.5. carrikeri (Dyme) 174. & colombiae (Bostra) 159, pi. 22.5 22.6. & cortex (Planudes) 155, pi. 22.2, 22.3 22.4. eupeplum (Pseudophasma) 152, pi. 22.1. & forceps (Holcoides) 148, pi. 21.2, 21.3 21.4. insalubris (Libethra) 166, pi. 23.3. & inusitata (Libethroidea) 170, pi. 23.7 23.8. & ocanae (Litosermyle) 172, pi. 23.9 23.10. robustum (Pseudophasma) 151, pi. 21.6. & spinicollis (Libethra) 164, pi. 23.1 23.2. & strangulata (Acanthoclonia) ..141, pi. 20.1, 20.2 20. taeniatum (Pseudophasma 150, pi. 21.5. viridis (Stratocles 146, pi. 21.1 PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 54 — Biographies ofPhasmatologists 9. MorganHebard Hebard, 1920 chumash (Timema) 130, figs 2. Hebard, 1921 chocoensis (Isagoras) 164, pi. 9.27. Hebard, 1922a erythropleura (Diapheromera) 192, pi. 7.12-14 Hebard, 1922b & annulicornis (Brizoides) 348, pi. 14.1 14.2. ariadne (Prisopus) 352, pi. 14.3-8. harroweri (Pseudoceroys) 355, pi. 15.1& 15.2. panamae (Libethra) 356, pi. 14.9 & 15.3-4. PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 55 ) )) )) ))) ) P.E. Bragg Hebard, 1924 & annulicornis (Dyme) 145, pi. 6.6 6.7. camposi (Libethra) 143, pi. 6.3-5. crassus (Acanthometriotes) 139, pi. 5.17. & esmeraldas (Pseudophasma) 136, pi. 5.15 5.15. infumata (Holca) 135, pi. 5.13. pastazae (Pseudobacteria 150, pi. 7.1-3. spicatus (Paraprisopus 141, pi. 6.1. & thaumasius (Trychopeplus) 148, pi. 6.8 6.9. Hebard, 1932 monstrosa (Anisomorpha) 214. oaxacae (Heteronemia) 217, pi. 17.1-3. Hebard, 1933a apolinari (Isagoras) 37, pi. 2.10-11. chopardi (Isagoras 37, pi. 2.13. ecuadoricus (Isagoras 37, pi. 2.12. flavidum (Pseudophasma 33, pi. 2.9. hirsuta (Brachyelena) 32, pi. 2.8. metae (Libethra 39, pi. 3.3. straminea (Libethra 38, pi. 3.2. Hebard, 1933b & magnified (Dyme) 123, pi. 6.7 6.8. Hebard, 1934 torquata (Diapheromera) 281, pi. 20.1-3. Figure 7. hesperus (Parabacillus) 286, pi. 20.5-6. Timema ritensis Hebard, 1937 plate 21 figure1 - scale given by Hebard, 1937 Hebard as “much enlarged”. ritensis (Timema) 349, pi. 21.1. veliieucnemis (Diapheromera [ssp.] ...350, pi. 22.1-2. Rehn & Hebard, 1909 covilleae (Diapheromera 126, fig. 5. tenuis (Pseudosermyle) 121, figs. 2-4. Rehn & Hebard, 1914 & brachypyga (Manomera) 385, fig. 2 4. Rehn & Hebard, 1938 stenocephalum (Aploploides) 49, pi. 4.18-21. & annulipes (Clonistria) 47, pi. 3.12 3.13. & bicoloripes (Clonistria) 43, pi. 3.7, 3.8 3.9. & latebricola (Clonistria) 42, pi. 3.5 3.6. & monticola (Clonistria) 45, pi. 3.10 3.11. & dominicae (Lamponius) 38, pi. 3.3 3.4. PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 56 — Biographies ofPhasmatologists 9. MorganHebard Species in culture Two species described by Hebard are listed on the Phasmid Study Group’s culture list. One of these, PSG 98 Parabacillus hesperus Hebard, 1934 has not been in culture for many years; it may never have been in culture: in the early days of the PSG species were allocated a number when they were being maintained in captivity, before it was known if they would breed successfully. The other culture is PSG 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, 1932; this is a junior synonym of Anisomorpha paromalus (Westwood, 1859) but it was being reared under Hebard’s name for several years before the synonym was recognised. References Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Yol. 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. Hebard, M. (1919) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. I. Dermaptera and Orthopterous Families Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomology Society 45: 89-179, plates 16-23. , Hebard, M. (1920) The genus Timema Scudder, with the description of a new species, (Orthoptera, Phasmidae, Timeminae.). EntomologicalNews 31: 126-132. , Hebard, M. (1921) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Part II. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society 47: 107-169, pi. 7-10. , Hebard, M. (1922a) Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society 48: 192-195, pi. 7. , Hebard, M. (1922b) Studies in the Mantidae and Phasmatidae of Panama (Orthoptera). Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society 48: 327-362. , Hebard, M. (1923) XV Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Proceedings ofthe CalifornianAcademy ofScience, (4)12(15): 319-340. PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 57 P.E. Bragg Hebard, M. (1924) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera ofEcuador. Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 76: 109-248, pi. 5-8. Hebard, M. (1925) The Orthoptera of South Dakota. Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 77: 42-44. Hebard, M. (1929) The Orthoptera of Colorado. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 81: 303-309. Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 58: 2012-371, pis. 17-21. Hebard, M. (1933a) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Supplement to papers one to five. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society, 59: 31-41, pi. 2-3. Hebard, M. (1933b) Notes on Panamanian Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Transactions of the & American Entomological Society, 59: 103-144, pi. 6 7. Hebard, M. (1934) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America north of the Mexican boundary. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society, 60: 281-293. pl.20. Hebard, M. (1935) Orthoptera of the upper Rio Grande valley and the adjacent mountains in northern New Mexico. Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 87: 45-82. Hebard, M. (1937) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America, north of the Mexican boundary. VII. Notes & a new species ofTimema, Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological & Society, 63: 347-354, pi. 21 22. Hebard, M. (1943) The Dermaptera & Orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae & ofTexas. Transactions oftheAmerican Entomological Society, 68: 239-311, pi. 12 13. Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. Rehn, J. A. G. (1948) Morgan Hebard (1887-1946) [Obituary]. EntomologicalNews, 59: 57- 69. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1905) The Orthoptera of Thomas County, Georgia, and Leon County, Florida. Proceedings of the Academy ofNatural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56: 774- 802. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1907) Orthoptera from Northern Florida. Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 59: 279-391. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1909) An Orthopteroid reconnaissance of the south western United States. Part II. New Mexico and western Texas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 61: 111-175. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1912a) A new name in Orthoptera. Entomological News, 23: 232. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1912b) Fixation of single type (Lectotype) specimens of species ofAmerican Orthoptera. Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 64: 60-128. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1914) On the Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys & in extreme southern Florida. II. Proceedings of the Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 66: 373-376,384-388. Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1938) New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and Phasmidae (Orthoptera). Transactions ofthe American Entomological Society, 64: 33-55, pi. 3-4. PhasmidStudies, 17(2): 58