Bioequity – Property and the Human Body Nils Hoppe BIOEQUITY – PROPERTY AND THE HUMAN BODY Medical Law and Ethics Series Editor Sheila McLean, Director of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine, School of Law, University of Glasgow The 21st century seems likely to witness some of the most major developments in medicine and healthcare ever seen. At the same time, the debate about the extent to which science and/or medicine should lead the moral agenda continues, as do questions about the appropriate role for law. This series brings together some of the best contemporary academic commentators to tackle these dilemmas in a challenging, informed and inquiring manner. The scope of the series is purposely wide, including contributions from a variety of disciplines such as law, philosophy and social sciences. Other titles in the series Altruism Reconsidered Exploring New Approaches to Property in Human Tissue Michael Steinmann, Peter Sýkora, and Urban Wiesing ISBN 978-0-7546-7270-8 The Child As Vulnerable Patient Protection and Empowerment Lynn Hagger ISBN 978-0-7546-7252-4 Disclosure Dilemmas Ethics of Genetic Prognosis after the ‘Right to Know/Not to Know’ Debate Edited by Christoph Rehmann-Sutter and Hansjakob Müller ISBN 978-0-7546-7451-1 Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Healthcare Challenging the Principle of Autonomy in Bioethics Edited by Stuart J. Murray and Dave Holmes ISBN 978-0-7546-7396-5 Law, Mind and Brain Edited by Michael Freeman and Oliver R. Goodenough ISBN 978-0-7546-7013-1 Bioequity – Property and the Human Body NILS HOPPE University of Hannover, Germany © Nils Hoppe 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Nils Hoppe has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hoppe, Nils. Bioequity – property and the human body. -- (Medical law and ethics) 1. Human body--Law and legislation. 2. Preservation of organs, tissues, etc.--Law and legislation. I. Title II. Series 344'.04194-dc22 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoppe, Nils. Bioequity – property and the human body / by Nils Hoppe. p. cm. -- (Medical law and ethics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-7280-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-8932-4 (ebook) 1. Human body--Law and legislation. I. Title. K564.H8.H67 2009 344.04'19--dc22 2009025222 ISBN 9780754672807 (hbk) ISBN 9780754689324 (ebk.I) Contents List of Cases vii List of Statutes xi Acknowledgements xiii Foreword xv Part I BaCkgrouND 1 Introduction 3 2 Concepts and Issues 13 3 Alder Hey and Public Opinion 33 4 Terminology 45 Part II LegaLaPProaCHes 5 Old Law for New Problems? 61 6 Protecting Entitlements 67 7 The Common Law Position 75 8 Legislation 91 9 A Look at Paradigmatic Case Law 107 10 The Law, Systematically 117 Part III BIoequIty 11 Equity 137 12 Developing New Property Classes 151 Bioequity – Property and the Human Body vi 13 Concluding Thoughts 161 Bibliography 165 Index 175 List of Cases Commonwealth and us Cases AB v. Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust [2004] EWHC 644, [2004] 2 Fam LR 365 Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1992) 1 AC 310 Attia v. British Gas plc [1988] QB 304 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 Bishopsgate Motor Finance Corp. v. Transport Brakes Ltd. [1949] 1 KB 332 Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 Borden (UK) Ltd. v. Scottish Timber Products Ltd. [1981] 12 Ch. 25 Bourhill v. Young [1943] AC 92 Bowman v. Secular Society Ltd. [1917] AC 406 Browning v. Norton Children’s Hospital (1974) 504 SW 2d 713 (Ky) Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd. [1947] KB 130, [1956] 1 All ER 256 Chester v. Ashfar [2005] 1 AC 134, [2004] 4 All ER 587, [2004] 3 WLR 927 Church of England Building Society v. Piskor [1954] Ch 553, [1954] 2 All ER 85 Cobbs v. Grant (1972) 8 Cal.3d 229 Creswell v. Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255 Diamond v. Chakrabarty 447 U.S. 303 (1980) Dobson v. North Tyneside Health Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474 Donaldson v. Beckett (1774) 4 Burr. 2408 Doodeward v. Spence (1908) CLR 406 Evans v. Amicus Healthcare Ltd. [2003] EWHC 2161, [2004] EWCA (Civ) 727 Exelby v. Handyside (1749) 2 East PC 652 F v. West Berkshire Health Authority [1989] 2 All ER 545 Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] 1 AC 112 Glass v. UK [2004] 1 FLR 1019 Greenberg v. Miami Children’s Hospital Res. Inst. 264 F. Supp.2d 1064 (2003) Hadley v. Midland Fertility Services Ltd. and Others [2003] EWHC 2161 (Fam) Haynes’s Case (1614) 12 Co. Rep. 113 Hecht v. Kane 16 Cal. App. 4Th 836 (1993) Herring v. Walround (1682) 22 ER 870, [1681] 2 Chan Cas 110 Ingram and Another v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1999] 2 WLR 90, [2000] 1 AC 293, [1999] 1 All ER 297, [1998] UKHL 47 Macmillan Inc v. Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No. 3) [1995] 1 WLR 798 McLoughlin v. O’Brian [1983] AC 410 Bioequity – Property and the Human Body viii Millar v. Taylor (1769) 4 Burr. 2303 Ministry of Health v. Simpson [1951] AC 251 Moore v. The Regents of the University of California 793 P 2d 479 (Cal. 1990) Page v. Smith [1994] 4 All ER 522 Perry v. British Railways Board [1980] ICR 743 Pilcher v. Rawlins (1872) LR 7 Ch. 259 Polly Peck International plc v. Nadir (No. 2) [1992] 4 All ER 769 Quick v. Coppleton (1803) 83 ER 349 R (on the application of Burke) v. GMC [2005] 3 FCR 169 R v. Bateman (1925) 94 LJKB 791 R v. Bristol Coroner, ex p. Kerr [1974] QB 652 R v. Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75, [1994] 1 AC 212, [1993] 2 WLR 556, [1992] UKHL 7 R v. Cheere (1825) 107 ER 1294 R v. Fox (1841) 114 ER 95 R v. Gibson [1991] 1 All ER 439 R v. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, ex parte Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687, [1997] 2 WLR 806 R v. Kelly (1998) 3 All ER 741 R v. Lynn [1788] 2 Durn & E 733 R (on the application of Quintavalle) v. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority [2003] 3 All ER 257 R v. Rothery (1976) RTR 550 R v. Sharpe (1857) Dears & B 160 R v. Welsh (1974) RTR 478 R v. Wright (1603) Co. Lit. f. 127 a-b Re Cole [1964] 1 Ch 175 Re Diplock’s Estate [1948] Ch 465 Re F [1990] 2 AC 1 Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd. [1995] 1 AC 74 Re GWW and CMW (1997) 21 Fam LR 612 Re W [1992] 4 All ER 627 Roche v. Douglas [2000] WAR 331 Rowland v. Divall [1923] 2 KB 500 Schloendorff v. NY Hospital (1914) 194 NE 92 Scott v. Brown [1892] 2 QB 724 Sidaway v. The Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1984] QB 493 Somersett’s Case (1771) 20 How. St. Tr. 1, 80-81 (KB) Tingler v. Chamberlain (1899) 71 Conn. 566 United Scientific Holdings Ltd. v. Burnley BC [1978] AC 904 Wallis v. Smith 2001 NMCA 17 Walsh v. Lonsdale (1882) 21 Ch.D. 9 Washington University v. Catalona 437 F.Supp.2d 985 (2006) List of Cases ix Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v. Islington London Borough Council [1996] 2 All ER 961 Williams v. Williams (1882) Ch.D. 659 Winston v. Lee 470 US 753 (1985) (Sup. Ct.) Yearworth and others v. North Bristol NHS Trust [2009] EWCA Civ 37 other Jurisdictions BGH, BGHZ 124, 52 of 9 November 1993 BGH, I ZR 135/87 of 8 June 1989 BVerfG, 1 BvR 2181/98 of 11 August 1999 OLG Frankfurt a.M., 2002, 183 of 26 April 2002