Bioelectronics Bioelectronics is emerging as a new area of research where electronics can selectively detect, record, and monitor physiological signals. This is a rapidly expanding area of medical research that relies heavily on multidisciplinary technology development and cutting-edge research in chemical, biological, engineering, and physical science. This book provides extensive information on the (i) fundamental concepts of bioelectronics; (ii) materials for the developments of bioelectronics such as implantable electronics, self- powered devices, bioelectronic sensors, flexible bioelectronics, etc.; and (iii) an overview of the trends and gathering of the latest bioelectronic progress. This book will broaden our knowledge about newer technologies and processes used in bioelectronics. Series in Materials Science and Engineering The series publishes cutting-edge monographs and foundational textbooks for inter- disciplinary materials science and engineering. It is aimed at undergraduate- and graduate- level students, as well as practicing scientists and engineers. Its purpose is to address the connections between properties, structure, synthesis, processing, characterization, and performance of materials. Conductive Polymers: Electrical Interactions in Cell Biology and Medicine Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Eds. Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, Two-Volume Set Klaus D. Sattler, Ed. Advanced Thermoelectrics: Materials, Contacts, Devices, and Systems Zhifeng Ren, Yucheng Lan, Qinyong Zhang Fundamentals of Ceramics, Second Edition Michel Barsoum Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, A Handbook Xin Wang and Yuan Hu 2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors Antoni Rogalski Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials A. R Bunsell. S. Joannes, A. Thionnet Fundamentals of Low Dimensional Magnets Ram K Gupta, Sanjay R Mishra, Tuan Anh Nguyen Emerging Applications of Low Dimensional Magnets Ram K Gupta, Sanjay R Mishra, Tuan Anh Nguyen Handbook of Silicon Carbide Materials and Devices Zhe Chuan Feng Bioelectronics: Materials, Technologies, and Emerging Applications Ram K. Gupta and Anuj Kumar, Eds. Series Preface The series publishes cutting-edge monographs and foundational textbooks for inter- disciplinary materials science and engineering. Its purpose is to address the connections between properties, structure, synthesis, pro- cessing, characterization, and performance of materials. The subject matter of individual volumes spans fundamental theory, computational modeling, and experimental methods used for design, modeling, and practical applications. The series encompasses thin films, surfaces, and interfaces, and the full spectrum of material types, including biomaterials, energy materials, metals, semiconductors, optoelectronic materials, ceramics, magnetic materials, superconductors, nanomaterials, composites, and polymers. It is aimed at undergraduate- and graduate-level students, as well as practicing scientists and engineers. Proposals for new volumes in the series may be directed to Carolina Antunes, Commissioning Editor at CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group ([email protected]). Bioelectronics Materials, Technologies, and Emerging Applications Edited by Anuj Kumar and Ram K. Gupta Cover image: Ryzhi/Shutterstock First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Names: Gupta, Ram K., editor. | Kumar, Anuj, Dr. editor. Title: Bioelectronics : materials, technologies, and emerging applications / edited by Ram K. Gupta and Anuj Kumar. Other titles: Bioelectronics (Gupta) Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022025753 | ISBN 9781032203133 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032203423 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003263265 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Electronics, Medical | Biosensing Techniques‐‐instrumentation | Biomedical Engineering | Nanotechnology Classification: LCC R857.B54 | NLM QT 36.2 | DDC 610.28‐‐dc23/eng/20220912 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022025753 ISBN: 978-1-032-20313-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-20342-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-26326-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003263265 Typeset in Palatino by MPS Limited, Dehradun Contents About the Editors........................................................................................................................vii List of Contributors.......................................................................................................................ix 1. Introduction to Bioelectronics..............................................................................................1 Anuj Kumar, Shumaila Ibraheem, Ghulam Yasin, and Ram K. Gupta 2. Materials and Their Classifications in Bioelectronics..................................................19 Lorena Duarte-Peña, Julián E. Sánchez-Velandia, Felipe López-Saucedo, and Emilio Bucio 3. 2D Materials for Bioelectronics.........................................................................................35 Piyush Sharma, Shagun Kainth, and P.K. Diwan 4. Materials for Organic Bioelectronics................................................................................53 Giuseppe M. Paternò and Guglielmo Lanzani 5. Nanomaterials and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies..........................................................73 Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor, Nurul Hidayah Ramli, Nor Dyana Zakaria, and Khairunisak Abdul Razak 6. CMOS Bioelectronics: Current and Future Trends.......................................................93 Ching-Yi Lin, Md. Sakibur Sajal, Yann Gilpin, Fahimeh Dehghandehnavi, Anna Batueva, Kai-Chun Lin, Nicole McFarlane, and Marc Dandin 7. Identification of the Scientific and Technological Trajectory in the Area of Bioelectronics: A Patent and Networks Analysis........................................................109 Alejandro Barragán-Ocaña, Paz Silva-Borjas, and María de los Ángeles Olvera-Treviño 8. Innovative Electronic Approaches for Biomarker Detection....................................123 Ummama Saeed, Batool Fatima, and Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq 9. Bioinspired Prosthetic Interfaces for Bioelectronics...................................................139 Saadat Majeed, Muhammad Umer Farooq, Sayed Tayyab Raza Naqvi, Naeem Akhtar Khan, Batool Fatima, Dilshad Hussain, Fahad Ali, and Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq 10. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Organic Transistors............................................157 Selcan Karakuş, Nazlı Albayrak, and Sinem Özlem Enginler 11. Microbial Nanowires.........................................................................................................171 Ahmed Marroki and Leila Bousmaha-Marroki 12. Semiconducting Nanostructured Materials for Bioelectronics.................................187 Jayshree Khedkar, Anil M. Palve, and Ram K. Gupta v vi Contents 13. Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Bioelectronics.....................................................203 Giovana A. Parolin, Alessandra S. Menandro, Rebeca R. Rodrigues, and Laura O. Péres 14. Recent Advancements in MOFs-Based Nanogenerators for Bioelectronics..........221 Ajith Mohan Arjun, Kiran Kumar Garlapati, and Pathath Abdul Rasheed 15. MXenes-Based Polymer Composites for Bioelectronics............................................237 S.G. Manjushree, Prashanth S. Adarakatti, Abdulraheem S.A. Almalki, and A. Alhadhrami 16. Bioelectronics with Graphene Nanostructures............................................................251 Sobhi Daniel, Praveena Malliyil Gopi, and Mohammed Essac Mohamed 17. Nanomaterial-Assisted Bioelectronic Devices towards Biocomputer.....................269 Jinho Yoon, Joungpyo Lim, Jinmyeong Kim, Minkyu Shin, Taek Lee, and Jeong-Woo Choi 18. Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectronics.....................................................................291 Meenakshi Singh, Manjeet Harijan, Ritu Singh, and Akriti Srivastava 19. Conducting Polymer Composites for Metabolite Sensing........................................309 Zondi Nate, John Alake, Darko Kwabena Adu, Blessing Wisdom Ike, and Rajshekhar Karpoormath 20. Self-Powered Devices: A New Paradigm in Biomedical Engineering...................323 Apurba Das and Pamu Dobbidi 21. Implantable Microelectronics..........................................................................................341 Mario Birkholz 22. Printable and Flexible Biosensors..................................................................................357 Khairunnisa Amreen and Sanket Goel 23. Conducting Polymer-Based Biocomposites in Flexible Bioelectronics..................373 Ragavi Rajasekaran, Atul Kumar Ojha, Gaurav Kulkarni, Jhansi L. Parimi, Baisakhee Saha, Mamoni Banerjee, and Santanu Dhara Index.............................................................................................................................................395 About the Editors Dr. Anuj Kumar is an assistant professor at GLA University, Mathura, India. His research focus is on molecular as well M-N-C electrocatalysts for H , O , and CO involving 2 2 2 electrocatalysis, nanomaterials, nanocomposites, fuel cells, water electrolyzers, nano- sensors, bio-inorganic chemistry, and macrocyclic chemistry. He has published more than 80 articles in reputed peer-reviewed international journals. He has also contributed more than 12 book chapters to Elsevier, Springer, CRC Press, and Bentham Science book series. For outstanding contribution in his research field, he has been the recipient of “Best Young Scientist Award 2021” from the Tamil Nadu Association of Intellectuals and Faculty (TAIF) and GRBS Educational Charitable Trust, India, and the “Young Researcher Award 2020” by Central Education Growth and Research (CEGR), India. He is serving as a section editor, guest editor, and editorial board member for various journals. Dr. Ram Gupta is an associate professor at Pittsburg State University. Dr. Gupta’s research focuses on nanomagnetism, nanomaterials, green energy production and storage using conducting polymers and composites, electrocatalysts for fuel cells, optoelectronics and photovoltaics devices, organic-inorganic hetero-junctions for sensors, bio-based polymers, bio-compatible nanofibers for tissue regeneration, scaffold and antibacterial applications, and biodegradable metallic implants. Dr. Gupta published over 250 peer- reviewed articles, made over 300 national/international/regional presentations, chaired many sessions at national/international meetings, and edited/written several books/ chapters for leading publishers. He has received over $2.5 million for research and educational activities from external agencies. He is serving as an associate editor, guest editor, and editorial board member for various journals. vii Contributors Prashanth S. Adarakatti Khairunnisa Amreen Department of Chemistry Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) SVM Arts, Science and Commerce College Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (affiliated to Rani Channamma Department of Electrical and Electronics University) Engineering Karnataka, India Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Darko Kwabena Adu Jharkhand, India Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Health Sciences Ajith Mohan Arjun University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Materials Science and Westville Campus Engineering Durban, South Africa National Institute of Technology Calicut Kerala, India John Alake Department of Pharmaceutical Mamoni Banerjee Chemistry Rajendra Mishra school of Engineering and College of Health Sciences Entrepreneurship University of KwaZulu-Natal, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Westville Campus West Bengal, India Durban, South Africa Alejandro Barragán-Ocaña Nazlı Albayrak Center for Economic, Administrative and School of Medicine Social Research (CIECAS) Acibadem M. A. Aydınlar University National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) Istanbul, Turkey Mexico City, Mexico A. Alhadhrami Anna Batueva Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Department Faculty of Science Udmurt State University Taif University Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia Al Hawiyah, Saudi Arabia Mario Birkholz Fahad Ali IHP – Leibniz Institut für innovative Division of Analytical Chemistry Mikroelektronik Bahauddin Zakariya University Frankfurt (Oder), Germany Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Abdulraheem S.A. Almalki Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Taif University Al Hawiyah, Saudi Arabia ix