Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected]) Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications Edited by Inamuddin and Tariq Altalhi This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-90490-8 Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xxv 1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1 S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 3 1.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 4 1.3 Silk 5 1.4 Polymers 7 1.4.1 Natural Polymers 7 1.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 8 1.5 Cellulose 10 1.6 Paper 11 1.7 Others 13 1.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 16 1.9 Semiconductors 17 1.10 Substrate 18 1.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 18 1.12 Insulators and Conductors 19 1.13 Conclusion 19 Declaration About Copyright 20 References 20 2 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29 Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 32 2.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 35 2.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 36 v vi Contents 2.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials 36 2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 37 2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 39 2.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 41 2.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 43 2.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 45 2.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 46 2.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 46 2.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 48 2.6 Conclusions 48 References 49 3 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55 Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 57 3.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 58 3.3.1 Cellulose 59 3.3.2 Silk 60 3.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 62 3.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 64 3.3.5 Graphene 65 3.3.6 Composites 67 3.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 68 3.5 Conclusions 70 Acknowledgements 70 References 71 Contents vii 4 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75 Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Fishery Chain Industry 78 4.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 78 4.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 80 4.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 85 4.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 85 4.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 89 4.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 89 4.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 94 4.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 97 4.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 101 4.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 119 4.4 Conclusion 126 References 127 5 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141 Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira 5.1 Introduction 141 5.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 142 5.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 143 5.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 145 5.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 148 5.3.3 Alginate 149 5.3.4 Carrageenans 150 viii Contents 5.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 152 5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159 Acknowledgments 160 References 160 6 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173 Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia 6.1 Introduction 174 6.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 175 6.2.1 Face Masks 176 6.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 176 6.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 177 6.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 178 6.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 179 6.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 180 6.2.2 Gloves 181 6.2.2.1 Latex 181 6.2.2.2 Nitrile 182 6.2.2.3 Vinyl 183 6.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 184 6.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 185 6.3.1 Face Masks 185 6.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 185 6.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 187 6.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 188 6.3.2 Gloves 190 6.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 190 6.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 191 6.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 192 6.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 192 6.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 193 6.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 194 6.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 194 6.6 Conclusions 199 References 200 Contents ix 7 Biodegradable Protective Films 211 Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad 7.1 Introduction 212 7.1.1 Types of Protective Films 213 7.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 214 7.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 221 7.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222 References 223 8 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229 Beenish Saba 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Bioplastics 230 8.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 232 8.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 234 8.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 234 8.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 236 8.6.1 Face Masks 236 8.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 236 8.6.3 Gloves 237 8.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 237 8.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238 References 238 9 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243 Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Biodegradable Materials 246 9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 246 9.2.2 Natural Polymers 246 9.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 247 9.2.4 Bioactive Glass 247 9.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 247 9.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 248 9.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 248 9.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 249 9.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 250