Biochemistry FOURTH EDITION U. Satyanarayana, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., F.A.C.B., Professor of Biochemistry & Director (Research) Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences (Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences) Chinaoutpalli, Gannavaram (Mdl) Krishna (Dist), A.P., India U. Chakrapani, M.B.B.S., M.S., D.N.B, Table of Contents Cover image Title page Copyright Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgements Scope of Biochemistry Section One: Chemical Constituents of Life Chapter 1: Biomolecules and the Cell Summary The cell Eukaryotic cell Chapter 2: Carbohydrates Summary Monosaccharides—structural aspects Structure of glucose Disaccharides Polysaccharides Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides Agar and pectins Glycoproteins Self-assessment excercises Chapter 3: Lipids Summary Fatty acids Essential fatty acids Triacylglycerols Phospholipids Glycolipids Lipoproteins Steroids Amphipathic lipids Soaps and detergents Self-Assessment excercises Chapter 4: Proteins and Amino Acids Summary Amino acids Structure of proteins Self-assessment excercises Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides Summary Nucleotides Structure of DNA Organization of DNA in the cell Structure of RNA Self-assessment excercises Chapter 6: Enzymes Summary Historical background Nomenclature and classification Chemical nature and properties of enzymes Factors affecting enzyme activity Active site Enzyme inhibition Enzyme specificity Coenzymes Mechanism of enzyme action Regulation of enzyme activity in the living system Units of enzyme activity Non-protein enzymes Applications of enzymes Diagnostic importance of enzymes Isoenzymes Enzyme pattern in diseases Diagnostic importance of enzymes in other body fluids and tissues Self-assessment excercises Chapter 7: Vitamins Summary Individual vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Niacin Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Biotin Pantothenic acid Folic acid Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Vitamin like compounds Choline Inositol Lipoic acid Para aminobenzoic acid Bioflavonoids Antivitamins Self-Assessment Exercises Section Two: Physiological Biochemistry Chapter 8: Digestion and Absorption Summary Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Abnormalities related to digestion and absorption Self-assessment exercises Chapter 9: Plasma Proteins Summary Albumin Globulins Immunoglobulins Blood clotting Self-assessment exercises Chapter 10: Hemoglobin and Porphyrins Summary Hemoglobin Hemoglobin derivatives Abnormal hemoglobins Sickle-cell anemia or sickle-cell hemoglobin Thalassemias Porphyrins Biosynthesis of heme Porphyrias Degradation of heme to bile pigments Jaundice Self-assessment exercises Chapter 11: Biological Oxidation Summary Bioenergetics High-energy compounds Biological oxidation Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Self-assessment exercises Section Three: Metabolisms Chapter 12: Introduction to Metabolism Summary Chapter 13: Metabolism of Carbohydrates Summary Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism Futile cycles Glycogen storage diseases Hexose monophosphate shunt Uronic acid pathway Metabolism of galactose Metabolism of fructose Metabolism of amino sugars Glyoxylate cycle Self-assessment Exercises Chapter 14: Metabolism of Lipids Summary Fatty acid oxidation Ketone bodies Biosynthesis of fatty acids Synthesis of triacylglycerols Metabolism of phospholipids Metabolism of glycolipids Metabolism of cholesterol Lipoproteins Metabolism of HDL Disorders of plasma lipoproteins Fatty liver Lipotropic factors Obesity Atherosclerosis Alcohol metabolism Self-assessment exercises Chapter 15: Metabolism of Amino Acids Summary Amino acid pool Metabolism of amino acids —general aspects Metabolism of ammonia Urea cycle Metabolism of individual amino acids Glycine Phenylalanine and tyrosine Tryptophan Sulfur amino acids One-carbon metabolism Branched chain amino acids Histidine, proline and arginine Lysine Glutamate and glutamine Aspartate and asparagine Alanine Serine Threonine Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids Amino acids as neurotransmitters Biogenic amines Polyamines Self-assessment exercises Chapter 16: Integration of Metabolism Summary Organ specialization and metabolic integration Metabolism in starvation Chapter 17: Metabolism of Nucleotides Summary Biosynthesis of purine ribonucleotides Degradation of purine nucleotides Disorders of purine metabolism Biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides Self-assessment exercises Chapter 18: Mineral Metabolism Summary Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chlorine Sulfur Iron Copper Iodine Manganese Zinc Molybdenum Cobalt Fluorine Selenium Chromium Self-assessment exercises Section Four: Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition Chapter 19: Hormones Summary Classification of hormones cAMP—The second messenger Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones Hypothalamic hormones Anterior pituitary hormones Posterior pituitary hormones Thyroid hormones Hormones of adrenal cortex Hormones of adrenal medulla Hormones of gonads The menstrual cycle Gastrointestinal (or gut) hormones Self-assessment exercises Chapter 20: Organ Function Tests Summary Liver function tests Jaundice Kidney (renal) function tests Gastric function tests Other organ function tests Self Assessment excercises Chapter 21: Water Summary Water and life Water turnover and balance Electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Maintenance of blood pH Disorders of acid-base balance Blood gas measurement Self-assessment exercises Chapter 22: Tissue Proteins and Body Fluids Summary Connective tissue proteins Contractile proteins Muscle proteins Body fluids Self-assessment excercises Chapter 23: Nutrition Summary Nutrition and energy supply Utilization of energy in man Nutritional importance of carbohydrates Fiber in nutrition Nutritional importance of lipids Nutritional importance of proteins Nutritional importance of vitamins and minerals Recommended dietary allowances (rda) Balanced diet Nutritional disorders Other nutritional disorders Therapeutic diets Nutritional status and clinical practice Nutrigenomics Self-assessment excercises Section Five: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Chapter 24: DNA-Replication Summary Replication of DNA Recombination