Bio-based Wood Adhesives Preparation, Characterization, and Testing Bio-based Wood Adhesives Preparation, Characterization, and Testing Editor Zhongqi He Southern Regional Research Center USDA, Agricultural Regional Service New Orleans, Louisiana, USA p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover images courtesy of Nicolas Brosse, Zhongqi He, Ningbo Li, Antonio Pizzi, Sarocha Pradyawong, Hui Wan, and Donghai Wang CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20161121 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4074-6 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Other titles: Wood adhesives Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2016] | “A science publishers book.” | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051817| ISBN 9781498740746 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781498740753 (e-book : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Wood--Bonding. | Adhesives. | Biomass. | Agricultural biotechnology. Classification: LCC TS857 .B56 2016 | DDC 668/.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051817 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Adhesive bonding is playing an increasingly important role in the forest product industry and is a key factor in the efficient utilization of timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have resulted in increasing environmental concerns, natural product- and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much more attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparations are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify areas of research needs and provide directions towards future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrate research findings for practical adhesive applications for maximum benefits. This book should be of interest to university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocates and government regulators, who work and deal with the utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts. This book covers general information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and includes the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives. All this is covered in 15 chapters, written by an international group of accomplished contributors. Chapter contents include both raw material-oriented comprehensive reviews and adhesive-making-oriented case studies. The first seven chapters address the source, preparation, characterization, application, and modification of various agricultural products and byproducts, for the purpose of wood bonding and composite board making, with a focus on seed proteins as the major component. Chapters 8 and 9 examine and discuss two specific natural compounds, tannin and citric acid, related to their chemical nature, production, and application in wood adhesive additives and binders. The next three chapters are based on forest products. Chapters 10 and 11 review the research on the liquefaction and pyrolysis of forestry and other lignocellulosic biomass materials and the subsequent utilization vi Bio-based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing of the liquefied products and pyrolysis-derived bio-oil in wood bonding, respectively. Chapter 12 reviews the general properties and quality of Amazonic white pitch produced from the tree trunk (Protium heptaphyllum) and advocates its potential use as “green” adhesives. Chapter 13 presents and analyzes the effects of rheology and viscosity of bio-based adhesives on bonding performance. Chapter 14 presents examples on the applications of nano-materials to improve qualities of wood composites. The last chapter (Chapter 15) makes concluding remarks. It briefly reviews the progress on the developments and utilization of bio-based wood adhesives including some activities and accomplishments not covered by the individual chapters. This chapter then presents outlooks on some emerging research issues that are worth future exploration by bio-based adhesive researchers. This book project was initiated by the publisher. It is my honor to be invited to serve as editor of the book. Chapter contributions were invited by the editor. Whereas the chapter contributors and I have made efforts to avoid repeated coverage in topics and contents, some literature and data have been cited in more than one chapter, to warrant each chapter’s integrity and stand-alone. All chapter manuscripts were subjected to peer reviewing and revision processes. The completion of this project involved tremendous efforts from a team of authors, reviewers and editor. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors for their commitment and dedication, and timely contributions. I profusely thank the ad-hoc reviewers for their time and insight in providing many valuable comments which certainly improved the quality of this book. Special thanks go to the publisher’s staff (Drs. Raju Primlani, Vijay Primlani, and Amanda Parida) for their initiative, coordination, and editorial support throughout the process of executing this book project. Contents Preface v About the editor ix 1. Protein-based Wood Adhesives: Current Trends of 1 Preparation and Application Birendra B. Adhikari, Pooran Appadu, Michael Chae and David C. Bressler 2. Adhesion Properties of soy Protein subunits and 59 Protein Adhesive modification Guangyan Qi, Ningbo Li, Xiuzhi Susan Sun and Donghai Wang 3. modification of soy-based Adhesives to enhance the 86 bonding Performance Sheldon Q. Shi, Changlei Xia and Liping Cai 4. Canola Protein and oil-based Wood Adhesives 111 Ningbo Li, Guangyan Qi, Xiuzhi Susan Sun and Donghai Wang 5. Wood Adhesives Containing Proteins and Carbohydrates 140 H.N. Cheng and Zhongqi He 6. Preparation and utilization of Water Washed Cottonseed 156 meal as Wood Adhesives Zhongqi He and H.N. Cheng 7. Comparative evaluation of rice bran- and Corn 179 starch-modified urea formaldehyde Adhesives on improvements of environmental Performance of Agro-based Composites Altaf H. Basta, Houssni El-Saied and Jerrold E. Winandy 8. Tannins for Wood Adhesives, foams and Composites 197 Nicolas Brosse and Antonio Pizzi 9. utilization of Citric Acid in Wood bonding 221 Zhongqi He and Kenji Umemura viii Bio-based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing 10. synthesis of Polymers from liquefied biomass and Their 239 utilization in Wood bonding Hui Wan, Zhongqi He, An Mao and Xiaomei Liu 11. Preparation, Properties, and bonding utilization of 260 Pyrolysis bio-oil An Mao, Zhongqi He, Hui Wan and Qi Li 12. Application of the rosin from White Pitch 280 (Protium heptaphyllum) for use as Wood Adhesive Raimundo Kennedy Vieira, Adalena Kennedy Vieira and Anil Narayan Netravali 13. effects of rheology and viscosity of bio-based Adhesives 293 on bonding Performance Alejandro Bacigalupe, Zhongqi He and Mariano M. Escobar 14. effects of nano-materials on different Properties of 310 Wood-Composite materials Hamid R. Taghiyari, Jack Norton and Mehdi Tajvidi 15. bio-based Wood Adhesives research: Advances and 340 outlooks Zhongqi He and Hui Wan Index 355 About the Editor Zhongqi He is a Research Chemist at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Prior to the USDA-ARS tenure, he was a recipient of the (US) National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship hosted by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. He is the author and co-author of over 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, patents, and book chapters, and has actively pursued basic and applied research in chemistry and biochemistry of agricultural products, byproducts, and plant nutrients. His current research activities are focused on the enhanced utilization of cottonseed products as wood adhesives. Dr. He has organized and served as the sole or principal editor of eight books on sustainable agriculture, renewable resources, and the environment. He has provided peer review services to more than 90 journals and served as associate editor and board member of several scientific journals and book committees of professional societies. He received a B.S. degree (1982) in applied chemistry from Chongqing University, China, M.S. degrees (1985 and 1992) in applied chemistry from South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, and in chemistry from the University of Georgia, Athens, USA, and has a Ph.D. degree (1996) in biochemistry from the University of Georgia, Athens, USA. He is a Fellow of American Society of Agronomy.