BIO-BASED COMPOSITES FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE MATERIALS From Strategy to Industrial Application Edited by Wirasak Smitthipong Rungsima Chollakup • Michel Nardin CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140916 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1449-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo- copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................v Editors ....................................................................................................................vii Contributors ............................................................................................................ix 1 Bio-Based Composites: An Introduction ...................................................1 Rungsima Chollakup, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Michel Nardin 2 Bio-Based Strategy: Food and Non-Food Markets ..................................7 Rina Singh, Brent Erickson, and Paul Winters 3 Strategy of Bio-Based Resources: Material versus Energy ..................23 Kuakoon Piyachomkwan, Sittichoke Wanlapatit, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Klanarong Sriroth 4 Bio-Inspired Materials ................................................................................43 Arkadiusz Chworos and Wirasak Smitthipong 5 Natural Fiber Surface Treatments and Coupling Agents in Bio-Based Composites ............................................................................59 Potjanart Suwanruji, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Rungsima Chollakup 6 Reinforcement of Polymers by Flax Fibers: Role of Interfaces ...........87 Christophe Baley, Antoine Le Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Peter Davies, Michel Nardin, and Claudine Morvan 7 Effects of Reinforcing Fillers and Coupling Agents on Performances of Wood–Polymer Composites .................................113 Diène Ndiaye, Mamadou Gueye, Ansou Malang Badji, Coumba Thiandoume, Anicet Dasylva, and Adams Tidjani 8 Natural Fiber Polyolefin Composites: Processing, Melt Rheology, and Properties ................................................................133 Haroutioun Askanian, Ya Feng, Sophie Commereuc, Roman Cermak, Florence Delor-Jestin, Kristyna Montagova, Valérie Massardier, and Vincent Verney 9 Polysaccharide Bio-Based Composites: Nanofiber Fabrication and Application ...........................................................................................149 Jackapon Sunthonrvarabhas, Klanarong Sriroth, and Hyun-Joong Kim iii iv Contents 10 Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanocomposites ..................................167 Ali Faghihnejad and Hongbo Zeng 11 Improvement of Damage Resilience of Composites ...........................187 Jiye Chen 12 Lifetime Durability of Bio-Based Composites .....................................205 Vincent Verney, Solène Gaudin, Sophie Commereuc, Haroutioun Askanian, Florence Delor-Jestin, Alexandre Govin, and René Guyonnet 13 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites ....219 Rattana Tantatherdtam, Rungsima Chollakup, and Wirasak Smitthipong 14 Characterization and Strength Modeling of Laminated Bio-Based Composites ...............................................................................251 Peggi L. Clouston, Sanjay R. Arwade, and Alireza Amini 15 Micromechanical Modeling of Bio-Based Composites ......................273 Michael May and Deborah Mohrmann 16 Life Cycle Assessments of Bio-Based Composites: A Review ..........291 Thimothy Thamae and Caroline Baillie 17 Bio-Based Composites: Future Trends and Environmental Aspects ....303 V.P. Sharma Index .....................................................................................................................315 Preface Most synthetic plastics are made from petroleum and its by-products. Plastics derived from fossil resources are mostly non-biodegradable. The increased use of plastics over the years has resulted in increases in waste that have become significant concerns because of their negative impacts on the environment. The need to develop non-petroleum-based and sustainable feedstocks is urgent, and the need has shifted the attention of many academic and industrial researchers toward bio-based materials. This book provides an overview of the state of the art and emerging trends in the area of bio-based composites. In recent years, interest in the develop- ment of natural fibers as reinforcements in composites has increased greatly. Many reports in the field of bio-based composites have been published but they usually focus on a single aspect of biocomposites. The objective of this book is to contribute to the overall knowledge of bio-based composites. The recent developments in technology make the understanding of bio-based composites vital for ensuring an eco-friendly environment. This book dis- cusses what is known about bio-based composites and, just as important, what is new. We have attempted to maintain a good balance of reporting developments in academic, industrial, and governmental laboratories and reflecting international views. A bio-based composite is basically defined by its biocompatibility proper- ties based on its origin. To meet this definition, a bio-based composite must be biodegradable and foster an eco-friendly environment in addition to exhibiting other practical properties. A variety of solutions exist in practice, and their applications require interdisciplinary understanding, particularly in the fields of materials science and engineering. An understanding of bio-based composites involves analysis of filler–matrix interactions, marketing and political strategies, raw materials and their characteristics, basic design principles, properties and applications, life cycle assessments, and future trends. All these issues are discussed in the c hapters of this book. We hope this book will be beneficial to scholars, academics, regulatory agencies, research and development communities, and indus- tries worldwide. It fills important gaps in our knowledge of the bio-based materials that constitute environmentally friendly technologies for the world’s population by presenting the latest relevant academic knowledge and industry expertise. Wirasak Smitthipong Rungsima Chollakup Michel Nardin v Editors Wirasak Smitthipong earned a PhD in chemistry in 2005 with a scholarship from Institut de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, Conseil Générale du Haut Rhin and Fondation de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, University of Haute Alsace, France. He was awarded at a highlight lecture at the 2005 EUROMAT conference in Prague. Dr. Smitthipong was awarded a National Science Foundation post-doctoral fellowship at the Materials Research Laboratory and College of Engineering at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the U.S.A. from 2006 to 2008. He spent 6 years as a chemist at Thai Caprolactam Public Co., Ltd., and 5 years working for Michelin as a lead rubber formulation designer in France and in Thailand. He now performs research at the Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute of Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand, and is an invited lecturer at the International School of Engineering at Chulalongkorn University also in Bangkok. Dr. Smitthipong’s areas of interest are surface and interface phenomena, rubber, adhesion, composite materials, biomaterials, polymer science and engi- neering, supramolecular and nanoscale materials, and materials engineering and development. He is the author or co-author of more than 60 scientific articles and papers, 3 invited book chapters, and 45 communications for national and international conferences and edited 2 books. Rungsima Chollakup joined Chulalongkorn University as a food c hemist in 1995. Since then she has performed research at the Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit in Thailand, attended a 6-month training course on “Polymer Blends for Biodegradable Plastics” at the National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology in Japan, and was awarded a scholar- ship to pursue a PhD program in textile science at the University of Haute Alsace in Mulhouse, France. Dr. Chollakup has been a senior researcher at the Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute of Kasetsart University in Bangkok since 2004. Dr. Chollakup received the Excellent Paper Award from the Journal of Textiles and Apparel in 2005. She then participated in a post-doctoral fellowship program at the College of Engineering at the University of California at Santa Barbara and served as a visiting researcher at Laboratoire de Photochimie Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal in France from 2009 to 2012. Her professional interests include natural fibers, polymer characterizations, composite materials, and biomaterials. She has written more than 50 scientific articles and papers, 3 invited book chapters, and 52 communications p resented at national and international conferences. vii viii Editors Michel Nardin started his career as a chemical engineer of the National High School of Chemistry of Paris in 1975. He earned a PhD in physical chemistry in 1980 from the Universities of Strasbourg and Mulhouse, France, and pursued post-doctoral studies in the Polymer Group of the Department of Physics at University of Leeds in the United Kingdom in 1985 and 1986. Dr. Nardin joined the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) as a researcher in 1982 and was named director of research in 1994. He is interested in the fundamental and practical aspects of adhesion, physical chemistry of surfaces and interfaces, wettability, capillary impreg- nation of powders and fabrics, thermodynamics and micromechanics of fiber–matrix interfaces in composite materials, tack and adhesive proper- ties of elastomers, interactions of surfaces and living matter. Dr. Nardin has written more than 170 scientific articles and papers, and 11 book chapters, and presented 65 invited lectures and 180 communications at national and international conferences. Contributors Alireza Amini Roman Cermak Department of Civil and Faculty of Technology Environmental Engineering Tomas Bata University University of Massachusetts Zlín, Czech Republic Amherst, Massachusetts Jiye Chen Sanjay R. Arwade Faculty of Technology Department of Civil and University of Portsmouth Environmental Engineering Portsmouth, UK University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Rungsima Chollakup Kasetsart Agricultural and Haroutioun Askanian Agro-Industrial Product Institut de Chimie Improvement Institute de Clermont-Ferrand Kasetsart University Clermont Université Bangkok, Thailand Clermont-Ferrand, France Arkadiusz Chworos Ansou Malang Badji Centre of Molecular and Section Physique Appliquée Macromolecular Studies Université Gaston Berger Polish Academy of Sciences de Saint Louis Lodz, Poland Dakar, Senegal Peggi L. Clouston Caroline Baillie Department of Environmental School of Environmental Conservation Systems Engineering University of Massachusetts University of Western Australia Amherst, Massachusetts Perth, Australia Sophie Commereuc Christophe Baley Institut de Chimie LIMATB de Clermont-Ferrand Université Bretagne Sud Clermont Université Lorient, France Clermont-Ferrand, France Alain Bourmaud Anicet Dasylva LIMATB Départment de Physique Université Bretagne Sud Université Cheikh Anta Diop Lorient, France Dakar, Senegal ix x Contributors Peter Davies Hyun-Joong Kim IFREMER Laboratory of Adhesion Marine Structures Group and Biocomposites Plouzané, France Seoul National University Seoul, Korea Florence Delor-Jestin Institut de Chimie Antoine Le Duigou de Clermont-Ferrand LIMATB Clermont Université Université Bretagne Sud Clermont-Ferrand, France Lorient, France Brent Erickson Biotechnology Industry Organization Valérie Massardier Washington, DC Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères Ali Faghihnejad INSA Department of Chemical and Lyon, France Materials Engineering University of Alberta Michael May Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Ya Feng Ernst Mach Institute Institut de Chimie Freiburg, Germany de Clermont-Ferrand Clermont Université Deborah Mohrmann Clermont-Ferrand, France Fraunhofer Institute for Solène Gaudin High-Speed Dynamics Institut de Chimie Ernst Mach Institute de Clermont-Ferrand Freiburg, Germany Clermont Université Clermont-Ferrand, France Kristyna Montagova Department of Polymer Alexandre Govin Engineering Ecole Nationale Supérieure Tomas Bata University des Mines Zlín, Czech Republic Saint Etienne, France Claudine Morvan Mamadou Gueye Laboratoire PBS Départment de Physique Université de Rouen Université Cheikh Anta Diop Mont Saint Aignan, France Dakar, Senegal René Guyonnet Michel Nardin Ecole Nationale Supérieure Institut de Science des Materiaux des Mines de Mulhouse Saint Etienne, France Mulhouse, France